Sunday, April 13, 2008

Muslim Contribution to Civilization

Muslim Contribution to Civilization
Conceptual Foundations and Historical Manifestations
By Dr. Jamal Badawi
Muslim Intellectual — Canada


Study Circles
Introduction
Allah: The Source of All Bounties
The Human as a Beneficiary of Allah's Bounties
The World: Sharing Allah's Bounties
Qur'anic Inducements to Study and Explore
Specific Examples of Some Major Contributions
Conclusion

Introduction

In his book, The Making of Humanity, Rob Briffault states:
It is highly probable that but for the Arabs, modern European civilization would never have risen at all. There is no single aspect of European growth in which decisive influence of Islamic culture is not traceable. What we call science arose in Europe as a result of a new spirit of enquiry, new methods of investigation, methods of experimentation, observation, measurement, and the development of Mathematics in a form unknown to the Greeks. That spirit and those methods were introduced into the European world by the Arabs. (qtd. in Waheed 25-26)
Like many other authors, Briffault recognizes the immense contribution of Muslims to civilization and its influence on the European Renaissance. Unlike most other authors, however, Briffault realizes that this contribution was stimulated, motivated and guided by a “new spirit.” Insufficient attention; however, has been given to the source and roots of this “new spirit” that emerged suddenly and powerfully in the seventh century. Initially the Arabs were not known for having made any significant contribution to science and technology, nor was the sandy, mostly arid Arabia known as a center of learning and research.
What then could explain the extraordinary transformation of a people from that state into pioneers of progress and apostles of learning in diverse fields of knowledge? What happened in the seventh century that suddenly put this transformation into motion? There is no viable explanation except for the emergence of Islam and its monotheistic concept of Allah, the source of all bounties. This is what we will be examining in what follows.
Allah: The Source of All Bounties
We are born into this world owning nothing that we earned and we depart from it with no assets that we saved. Between our birth and physical death, we are all utterly dependent on Allah's bounties. Allah is the only Creator, Sustainer and Cherisher of the Universe. As such, it is useful to begin with an exposition of Islam's conception of God that may be summed up in the key term Tawheed; the cornerstone of Islam and the foundation of its ethics and approach to life as well as the basis of its systems and institutions. It is also the primary determinant of one's relationship to the natural and social order. It may be helpful to begin with the explanation of the meaning of tawheed before examining its implications.

The Meaning of Tawheed
Tawheed is an Arabic term that has often been translated into English as “monotheism"; the belief in One God as opposed to dualism, polytheism or atheism. However, this definition does not fully capture the deeper meaning of Tawheed. As a theological term, it means the oneness, uniqueness and incomparability of God (Allah) to any of His creatures. Based on the Qur'an, Muslim scholars concluded that there are three crucial requirements of Tawheed:
To believe in the One and Only True God (Allah) as the Sole Creator, Sustainer and Cherisher of the universe
To believe that Allah alone is worthy of worship and of unshared divine authority
To believe in the unity of the essence and attributes of Allah which are all attributes of absolute perfection. This rules out any notion of “persons” within the Godhead.

Implications
The comprehensive meaning of the Unity of God implies other types of unity:
Unity of the basic divine message to mankind in various revelatory forms. The Qur'an makes it incumbent on its adherents to believe in, love and honor all the prophets and messengers of God as one brotherhood, and as links in the revelatory chain throughout human history. This chain was completed with the advent of the last messenger, Muhammad (peace and blessings be upon him) who is presented in the Qur'an not only as the seal and last of all the prophets, but also as the only messenger whose mandate and mission embraces the entire world, and whose teachings completes and culminates all the earlier forms of revelation.
Unity of the human race, created by Allah and descendants of the same original parents. This depicts humanity as a large family characterized by unity in diversity. Conceptually, this should shape one's attitudes towards other humans including non-Muslims.
Unity between all aspects of human life on earth as they all come under Allah's jurisdiction. To compartmentalize life into religious and secular, spiritual and mundane is contrary to the essence of Tawheed.
Unity between the present life and the life to come; both come under the same divine jurisdiction. As such, individual and collective decision-making is guided by a time scale, which is not limited by one's life span, the life of one or more generations, or even the life of all generations. Every action has consequences both in this life and in the life to come.
The Human as a Beneficiary of Allah's Bounties
The bounties of God embrace all creation. Yet, the main beneficiary of these bounties is the human. What is the nature of the human and why is he here on earth?

Human Nature
{Such is He, the Knower of all things, hidden and open, the Exalted [in Power], the Merciful; He who has made everything which He has created most good. He began the creation of the human with clay. And made his progeny from a quintessence of the nature of fluid despised. Then He fashioned him in due proportion, and breathed into him something of His Spirit. And He gave you [the faculties of] hearing, sight and understanding [and feelings]. Little thanks do you give.} (As-Sajdah 32:6-9)
From this passage, the nature of the human, as a physical-intellectual-spiritual being, is indicated. 'Clay' represents the earthly aspect of the carnal elements of human nature. Urges and instincts
It is true that reason alone is insufficient to understand all the mysteries of creation. Nonetheless, reason is neither irrelevant to the strengthening of a person's faith, nor is it the antithesis of faith.in themselves, act as mechanisms through which the physical survival and perpetuation of the human race are fulfilled. The human is also endowed with intellect and the power of reasoning. It is true that reason alone is insufficient to understand all the mysteries of creation. Nonetheless, reason is neither irrelevant to the strengthening of a person's faith, nor is it the antithesis of faith. Indeed, the use of the power of intellect and reason is not only accepted, it is also encouraged.
{Do they not reflect in their own minds? Not but for just end, and for a term appointed, did Allah create the heavens and the earth, and all between them. Yet, are there truly many among people who deny the meeting with their Lord (and resurrection)!}(Ar-Rum 30:8]
{Do they see nothing in the government of heavens and the earth and all that Allah has created?}(Al-A`raf 7:185)
The physical component of human nature is shared by other living beings. Animals possess intelligence in varying degrees. However, only in the case of humans does the Qur'an say that Allah breathed into him something of His spirit. It is that 'breath' which endows the human with innate spiritual and moral qualities. It also establishes the unique position of the human as the crown of creation.
{We have honored the children of Adam; provided them with transport on land and sea; given them for sustenance things good and pure; and conferred on them special favors above a great part of Our creation.} ( Al-Israa’ 17:70)
A significant symbol of this honor was God's command to bow down to Adam:
{Behold! We said to the angels, bow down to Adam. They bowed down except lblis. He was one of the Jinn, and he broke the Command of his Lord...}(Al-Kahf 18:50]
This position of honor is closely related to the fulfillment of one's role as God's trustee and as a free agent. It is a heavy responsibility; one which requires making the right choices. Failing to make such a choice leads to the loss of that position of honor and distinction. The human may even descend to a position, which is less than that of animals. These are the ones who:
{Have hearts [minds] wherewith they understand not, eyes wherewith they see not, and ears wherewith they hear not. They are like cattle, nay more misguided; for they are heedless (of warning). }(Al-A`raf 7:179)
The 'forbidden tree' symbolizes the universal ethical experience of every human being. It eloquently and effectively sums up the concepts of freedom of choice, temptation, decision-making, erring, realization of error, repentance and forgivenessThe physical, intellectual and spiritual elements in human existence are not regarded as three different compartments. They are not necessarily irreconcilable either. The human is regarded as neither a fallen angel nor and ascending animal. Rather, the human is a responsible being with the potential of ascending to a position that is higher than that of the angels, or descending to a position that is lower than that of animals.
The 'forbidden tree' symbol izes the universal ethical experience of every human being. It eloquently and effectively sums up the concepts of freedom of choice, temptation, decision-making, erring, realization of error, repentance and forgiveness. It represents the main ethical challenges before humankind:
(a) Rising above the purely physical element and ruling over it instead of being ruled by it.
(b) Developing the spiritual and intellectual elements and bringing
them into harmony with the Divine will through conscious submission to God
(c) Realizing the consequences of obedience and disobedience to
God.
(d) Striving to succeed in the 'test' of this earthly life, in order not to merely return to an even greater 'garden' after one's physical death, but to enjoy the ultimate bliss of nearness to God and the company of the pure.
{All who obey Allah and the Messenger are in the company of those on whom is the Grace of Allah, of the Prophets, the sincere [Lovers of Truth], the martyrs and the righteous. Ah! What a beautiful fellowship.} ( An-Nisaa’ 4:69)
These challenges are related directly to one's conception of the purpose of creation, which will be discussed next.

The Purpose of Creation
The Qur'an summarizes the purpose of creation of humanity in the following verse:
{I have only created Jinns and humankind that they may worship [serve] me.}(Adh-Dhariyat 51:56)
Worship of Allah is not mere formalism, nor is it restricted to the performance of certain rites or other devotional acts. Rites and devotional acts do have their place, however, the concept of 'worship' in Islam is much more comprehensive than the common meaning attached to the term. Any act is a potential act of worship if it meets two fundamental conditions – first, to be done with a 'pure' intention; second, to be done within the limits prescribed by God. Even customary and mundane activities, such as eating, sleeping and innocent recreation, may be regarded as acts of worship if they meet the above two conditions. An extension of this broad concept of worship is the absence in Islam of any artificial compartmentalization of the various aspects of human life, which is seen as an integrated and interrelated whole. It includes individual and collective pursuits; moral, social, economic, and political. Indeed, one of the main challenges of humanity is to relate and harmonize such activities under the boundaries of Divine guidance.
It is this challenge which qualifies the human race as the vicegerent of God on earth. It also makes this earthly life a test or trial.
{He [Allah] Who created Death and Life, that He may try which of your is best in deeds and He is Exalted in Might, Oft-Forgiving.}(Al-Mulk 67:2)
A person's conception of human nature and his understanding and acceptance of the purpose of creation and the role of vicegerent determine how he sees his relationship to the natural and social order.
The World: Sharing Allah's Bounties
The roots of this 'new spirit', meaning, the Islamic spirit was the rise of Islam and the new worldview it offered. A relevant element of this new spirit is that reason is neither irrelevant to the strengthening of a person's faith, nor is it the antithesis of faith. Indeed, the use of power of intellect and reason is not only accepted, it is also urged in the Qur’an:
{Do they not reflect in their own minds? Not but for just end, and for a term appointed, did Allah create the heavens and the earth, and all between them... }(Ar-Rum 30:8)
{Do they see nothing in the domain of heavens and the earth and all that Allah has created? } (Al-A`raf 7:185)
The Qur'an states that God breathed His spirit into every human. It is that 'breath' which endows the human with innate spiritual and moral qualities. It also establishes the unique position of the human as the crown of creation.
{We have honored the children of Adam; provided them with transport on land and sea; given them for sustenance things good and pure; and conferred on them special favors above a great part of Our creation.}(Al-Israa’ 17:70)
This position of honor is closely tied to the fulfillment of one's role as God's 'trustee' and as a free agent; to worship God in the broad meaning of worship which includes all useful and constructive endeavors on earth.
It is that challenge which qualifies the human race as the vicegerent of God on earth. It also makes earthly life a test or trial.
{He [Allah] Who created Death and Life, that He may try which of you is best in deeds and He is Exalted in Might, Oft-Forgiving.}(Al- Mulk 67:2)
A person's conception of human nature and his understanding and acceptance of the purpose of creation and the role of vicegerent determine how he sees his relationship to the natural and social order.

Resources and Trusteeship
As the human is created to be God's trustee on earth, it follows that the resources made available to him in the universe are to be regarded as tools to fulfill the responsibilities of this trusteeship. The Qur'an made it clear that all things on earth are (made) subservient to human use (not abuse). It goes beyond that to remove any notion that may regard the exploration of the Universe outside the earth as an encroachment on God's domain.
{And He has subjected to you, as from Him, all that is in the heavens and on earth: behold, in that are signs indeed for those who reflect.}(Al-Jathiyah 45:13)
Tawheed upholds the exclusive sovereignty of God as the real owner of the universe and His sole rights to determine how His 'property' should be used.The Qur'an lays the foundation of understanding and harnessing God-given resources in numerous areas of economic pursuits.

Conditions of the Trust
As the human is Allah's trustee on earth, it follows that his actions in the social order must be in accordance with the conditions of that trust. Tawheed upholds the exclusive sovereignty of God as the real owner of the universe and His sole rights to determine how His 'property' should be used. As such, the concept of property in Islam is qualified by the condition of 'trust' of the real owner.
The attributes of property in the Qur'an vary depending on the related level of abstraction. On one level, all property is attributed to God alone.
{To Allah belongs the dominion of the heavens and the earth, and all that is therein, and it is He who has power over all things}(Al-Ma’idah 5:123)

Work is Worship
As all acts are potential acts of worship as explained earlier, it follows that work is not only a means of survival, but also a rewarded act of worship. Properly understood, this concept can be instrumental in motivating productivity as the time scale, the reward expected, and the Ultimate One to please by productive work are far beyond any finite concept or person. This may be illustrated by the instructions of Prophet Muhammad (peace and blessing be upon him) that if the Day of Judgment begins while one is planting a tree, he should complete his task. One may wonder as to what is the point of planting something that cannot immediately benefit the planter, and why is it important to plant a tree whose 'fruits' may never be harvested? It is probably the inculcation of the attitude of working on the basis of a longer scale of time, consideration of future generations, and above all the anticipation of Divine reward. It is the same spirit that the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) also taught that if one plants a tree of which a human, and animal or bird eats, he will obtain a reward for all who benefit from it. Likewise, a person's attitudes toward ecology are the prudent use of the infinite time scale and the most lofty objective to draw closer to God. This results in greater sensitivity to the needs of future generations. An example of this was the Prophet's (peace and blessings be upon him) critical reaction to a Companion who was using an excessive amount of water to perform ablution for Prayer. When the Companion responded, "Is there excess in the use of water?" The Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) replied, "Yes, even if you're (making ablution) from a running river.” (Ibn Hanbal)
Islam teaches one's responsibility before Allah and the belief in resurrection and eternal life, whose nature depends upon the person's actions while on earth. Tawheed also means belief in the absolute perfection of Divine Attributes, one of which is perfect knowledge, even of the most secret thoughts of the heart. The result of such belief is that self-policing becomes the primary motive in order to avoid 'evil' or 'wrong', more so than mere social controls which are incapable of policing everything. Properly implemented, a person's sense of responsibility before God avoids the attitudes of 'get away with whatever you can so long as you don't get caught', or even the attitude of taking advantage of legal or administrative gaps or flaws so as to maximize one's utility at the expense of society. The sense of fairness in the social contract are greatly enhanced both by the infinite time scale and by the keen sense of Taqwa (piety and fear of Allah) realizing that nothing can be hidden from God, who will hold each person responsible for his deeds.

Qur'anic Inducements to Study and Explore
The following are a few examples from the Qur’an which clearly urge research, discovery, development and improvement of the quality of life.
{And in the earth are tracts (diverse though) neighboring and gardens of vines and fields sown with corn and palm trees growing out of single roots or otherwise: watered with the same water yet some of them We make more excellent than others to eat. Behold, verily in these things are signs for those who understand }(Ar-Ra`d 13:4)
{See you not that Allah sends down rain from the sky and leads it through springs in the earth? Then He causes to grow therewith produce of various colors: then it withers; you will see it grow yellow; then He makes it dry up and crumble away. Truly in this is a message of remembrance to persons of understanding. } (Az-Zumar 39:21)
{It is Allah Who has subjected the sea to you that ships may sail through it by His command that you may seek of His bounty and that you may be grateful. }( Al-Jathiyah 45:12]
{It is He who made the sea subject that you may eat thereof flesh that is fresh and tender and that you may extract there from ornaments to wear; and you see the ships therein that plough the waves that you may seek (thus) of the bounty of Allah and that you may be grateful.}(An-Nahl 16:14)
{And cattle He has created for you; from them you derive warmth and numerous benefits and of their (meat) you eat. And you have a sense of pride and beauty in them as you drive them home in the evening and as you lead them forth to pasture in the morning. And they carry their heavy loads to lands that you could not (otherwise) reach except with souls distressed: for your Lord is indeed Most Kind, Most Merciful. And (He has created) horses, mules and donkeys for you to ride and use for show; and He has created (other) things about which you have no knowledge.}(An-Nahl 16:5-8)
It should be noted that the above quotes deal with the fundamental resources: agriculture, water, fisheries and animal resources. In a sweeping statement, the Qur’an indicates that everything on earth, and even all that is in the heavens was created for the benefit of mankind.
{It is He who has created for you all things that are on earth; moreover His design comprehended the heavens for He gave order and perfection to the seven firmaments; and of all things he has perfected knowledge.}(Al-Baqarah 2:29]
{And He has subjected to you as from Him all that is in the heavens and on earth: behold in that are signs indeed for those who reflect.} (Al-Jathiyah 45:13)
The Qur’anic exhortations do not limit themselves to physical resources. They encourage the study and understanding of natural laws such as the alternation of day and night, forecasting rainfall, and astronomical phenomena.
{It is Allah Who alternates the night and the day: verily in these things is an instructive example for those who have vision}(An-Nur 24:44)
{Behold! In the creation of the heavens and the earth and the alternation of night and day there are indeed signs for persons of understanding. Those who celebrate the praises of Allah standing, sitting and lying down on their sides and contemplate the (wonders of) creation in the heavens and the earth (with thought): ‘Our Lord! Not for naught have you created (all) this! Glory to thee! Give us salvation from the penalty of Hell fire. } (Aal `Imran 3:190-191)
{See you not that Allah makes clouds move gently, then joins them together, then makes them into a heap? Then will you see rain issue forth from their midst. And He sends down from the sky mountain masses (of clouds) wherein is hail: He strikes therewith whom He pleases and He turns it away from whom He pleases. The vivid flash of His lightning well-nigh blinds the sight.} ( An-Nur 24:43)
{And a sign for them is the night: We withdraw there from the day and behold they are plunged in darkness; And the sun runs its course for a period determined for it: that is the decree of the Exalted in Might the All-knowing. And the moon We have measured for it mansions (to traverse) till it returns like the old (and withered) lower part of date-stalk. It is not permitted for the sun to catch up to the moon, nor can the night outstrip the day: each (just) swims along in (its own) orbit (according to law).}(Ya-Sin 36:37-40)

The Role of Learning
The above Qur’anic exhortation necessitates a positive attitude toward learning and the acquisition of knowledge. This is also grounded in the Qur’an. The very first word of the Qur’an revealed to Prophet Muhammad (peace and blessings upon him ) was 'read':
{Proclaim! (or read) in the name of your Lord and Cherisher Who created. Created man out of a (mere) clot of congealed blood.}(Al-`Alaq 96:1-2)
The Qur’an also praises those who combine faith with knowledge:
{…Allah will raise up to (suitable) ranks (and degrees) those of you who believe and who have been granted knowledge: and Allah is well-acquainted with all you do.}(Al-Mujadilah 58:11)
Distinction and preference is given to those who are endowed with knowledge:
{Say: Are those equal who know and those who do not know? It is those who are endowed with understanding who receive admonition.} ( Az-Zumar 39:9)
Knowledge in itself is neither a threat to faith nor is it inconsistent with piety and fear of God. In fact, unbiased and correct knowledge leads to piety.
{Indeed those who are endowed with knowledge fear Allah}(Fatir 35:28)
Generally speaking, the Qur’an considers it a sin not to use senses and reason as legitimate means of searching for truth and admonishes those who make claims that are not based on knowledge, and those who blindly imitate their ancestors.
{For the worst of beasts in the sight of Allah are the deaf and the dumb, those who understand not.}(Al-Anfal 8:22)
{Those who give partners to Allah will say: If Allah had wished we should not given partners to Him, nor would our fathers, nor should we have had any taboos. So did their ancestors argue falsely until they tasted of Our wrath. Say: Have you any (certain) knowledge? If so produce it before Us. You follow nothing but conjecture, you do nothing but lie. }( Al-An`am 6:148)
{Many are the Jinns and mankind We have made for Hell. They have hearts wherewith they understand not, eyes wherewith they see not and ears wherewith they hear not. They are like cattle, nay more misguided; for they are heedless (of warning).}(Al-A`raf 7:179)
The attitude toward learning is reiterated in numerous sayings of Prophet Muhammad (peace and blessings be upon him):
"Seeking knowledge is a mandatory duty on every Muslim." (Ibn Majah)
"Whoever pursues a way in search for knowledge, Allah will make an easy way for him/her to paradise." (Abu Dawud)
"The priority of a scholar over a worshipper (without understanding) is like the superiority of the moon over other stars." (Abu Dawud)
"Scholars are the heirs of the prophets." (Abu Dawud)
The Experimental Method One aspect of learning encouraged in the Qur’an is the experimental approach. A few examples may illustrate this. Explaining how God inspired the honey bees, the Qur’an states:
{Then eat of all the produce (of the earth) and find with skill the spacious paths of your Lord: there issues from within their bellies a drink of varying colors wherein is healing for people: verily in this is a sign for those who give thought.} ( An-Nahl 16:69)
The mention of healing connected with honey is an open invitation to examine its medicinal or healing properties. Similarly, in drawing our attention to study the properties of metals, we read:
{We sent aforetime our apostles with clear signs and sent down with them the Book and the balance (of right and wrong) that people may stand forth in justice. and We sent down iron in which is (material for) mighty war, as well as many benefits for mankind, that Allah may test who will help His cause and help His messengers though they are unseen, for Allah is full of strength, exalted in Might (and able to enforce His will.} (Al-Hadid 57:25)
In a clear and amazing reference to the embryonic development of the human, we read:
{We did create the human from a quintessence (of clay); then We placed him as (a drop of) sperm in a place of rest firmly fixed; then We made the sperm into (something that) clings (or clot); then of that clot We made a (fetus) into (a chewed-like) lump; then We made out of that lump bones and clothed the bones with flesh; then We developed out of it another creature; so blessed be Allah the Best creator. } (Al-Mu’minun 23:12-14)
The above quotes from the Qur’an lay down the foundations of the experimental approach and the replacement of conjecture with truth that is based on firm knowledge and factors that are crucial and decisive in bringing about scientific development. This call stands in contrast to philosophical speculations and conjecture.
{Conjecture is not a substitute for truth.}( An-Najm 53:28)
It follows that the common notion that Roger Bacon was the father of experimental method is not accurate. Born in 1214 (CE) Bacon came nearly six centuries after the Qur’an clearly called for this approach to learning. According to Rob Briffault, Roger Bacon was one of the followers of Muslim science to Europe (qtd in Waheed 29)
According to the Encyclopedia Britannica:
"It is beyond all doubt that Roger Bacon was profoundly versed in Arabian learning and derived from it many of the germs of his philosophy.” (qtd. in Waheed 30)
So far, the discussion has focused on the conceptual roots of the Muslim contribution to civilization. Whether or not those conceptual roots were manifested historically, is the theme of the following section of this paper.

Historical Manifestations
It is obvious from the first part of this paper that the Qur’an and the Hadith are responsible for generating a new spirit of research, creativity and progress. In this part, an attempt is being made to show how that 'new spirit' manifested itself throughout history. The first section briefly reviews the emergence of Islamic civilization and its impact on Europe, while the second provides specific examples of contributions to science and civilization.

The Emergence of Islamic Civilization
Progress began in the later part of the seventh century and the beginning of the eighth century (CE) under Umayyad rule. However, its golden age occurred under Abbassid rule (750-1258) and in Muslim Spain (718-1492). For at least five centuries, the Islamic civilization was the most prominent in the world. This is longer than the period in which European civilization has been prominent.
Schools and libraries constituted parts of mosque complexes. Endowments for colleges and bursaries for students were common. Scholars and researchers were respected and appreciated, regardless of their religious affiliations. An example of this attitude was manifest in the 'House of Wisdom' in Baghdad in the 9th century under the patronage of the Caliph Al-Ma’moon. It served as a huge academic center, library and translation center. In the Western part of the Muslim world, the most important research center was in Toledo (Spain) where Muslim works were translated from Arabic into Latin; especially in the fields of Astronomy, Mathematics, Medicine, Chemistry, Botany and Philosophy. It is said that Pope Sylvester spent three years in Toledo studying Astronomy, Mathematics, Chemistry and other subjects under Muslim scientists (Bammate 17; Draper, History of the Intellectual Development of Europe 2: 49).

The Term 'Dark Ages'
Instructor and Students in Medieval IslamThese advancements show that the common expression 'The Dark Ages' should in fact be qualified as the 'European Dark Ages'; at least in the period that coincides with the emergence of the Islamic civilization. John Draper describes how science was suppressed and not tolerated in Europe and how physical and natural phenomena were attributed to the will of spirits. According to Draper, "A person who came down with a fever had to go to the nearest shrive of saint seeking a miraculous cure." (Draper , History of the Intellectual Development of Europe 1: 386-387).. In contrast to this, Muslim scientists and physicians were busy developing ways to diagnose and treat diseases. As such, the unqualified term 'The Dark Ages' seems to be based on the subtle assumption that the history of Europe is the history of the world.

Restoration and Originality
Another common misconception is that Muslim scholars merely restored the Greek classics, which would have been lost without them. This notion belittles their original contributions, in addition to restoration. According to H.G. Wells, the Greeks did not know much about human history; their knowledge was 'based on rudimentary speculations' and they were very poor in experimental apparatus (Wells 18) . This assessment is shared by A.N. Whitehead who states that the Greeks were over-theoretical and that for them, science was an offshoot of philosophy (Whitehead 27). This assessment also applies to their heirs, the Romans.
However, it would be equally incorrect to say that there were no contributions to civilization by other nations. Science is a shared and cumulative undertaking. The above discussion indicates that the Greek and Roman contributions were not based upon experimentation which was the hallmark of Islamic civilization and which was a prerequisite to modern science. As such, the assumption that the European Renaissance was based on a newly-restored Greek and Roman heritage, is inaccurate. It seems to imply that there was a sudden 'blank' for several centuries between the fall of the Roman Empire and the European Renaissance which restored their ancient heritage. It also conceals the inevitable fact that the Renaissance was based on the then established and flourishing Islamic civilization. For several centuries, the language of the Qur’an (Arabic) was the international vehicle for scientific research and advancement (as English is today). Europeans who wanted to study Physics, Chemistry, Mathematics, Astronomy or Medicine had to flock to Muslim universities, especially in Muslim Spain. Those Europeans who tried to popularize 'Muslim science' in Europe were accused of being 'Mohammedans'; an accusation that was made against Roger Bacon for which he was imprisoned for fourteen years. (Waheed 30-31)
A historian of science, George Sarton in his massive work, An Introduction to The History of Science, indicates that Muslim science reached Europe before the 14th Century (the beginning of the Renaissance) as early as the 12th century, and that the establishment of universities in Europe was motivated in part by the large volume of information (learned from Muslims and the need for its systematic study). (Sarton 1: 350)
Frequently, Muslim discoveries were translated by Europeans who attributed such discoveries to themselves, or incorporated them into their works without due credit. For example, Kepler took the idea of atmospheric refraction from the earlier work of Ibn Al-Haytham. Isaac Newton derived the notion of gravity, not from a falling apple, but from the earlier work of Muhammad Ben Mousa who spoke about the force of attraction between the heavenly bodies (Waheed 27). It may be useful to provide a few specific examples of the contributions to human knowledge stimulated by Islamic teachings. This is the focus of the following section.
Specific Examples of Some Major Contributions
Let us now turn to some specific examples of Muslim contributions in some major disciplines

Astronomy
Muslim Medieval AstronomersAstronomy was one of the earliest sciences that attracted the attention of Muslims, as early as the 3rd century (AH). Among their achievements is the discovery of the sun’s apogee (the points farthest from the earth in the orbit of the moon). They drew a catalogue of maps of visible stars and gave them Arabic names and corrected the sun and moon tables and fixed the length of the year. They were the first to use a pendulum to measure time and the first to build observatories. Ibn Younus (11th century) invented the sun dial, which, according to John Draper was the most valuable of all chronometric improvements. They predicted sun spots, eclipses, and the appearance of comets. Abul-Wafa discovered a major aspect of astronomy known as the 3rd Lunar inequality (irregularity of the moon’s highest latitudes) the same discovery that was attributed nearly 1000 years later to the Danish Astronomer, Tycho-Braho. Among the luminaries in this field are Al-Batani (Albategnius), who is considered by some astronomers as one of the most famous twentieth century astronomers in the world; Al-Bairouni, who was the link between the schools of Baghdad and India (10th -11th centuries); and Ulug Beg, who made a comprehensive survey of the state of this science nearly a century before Kepler. Some works of other luminaries in Muslim Spain, such as Ibn Khaldoun and Ibn Rushd were lost at the time of inquisition. (Bammate 19-22)

Chemistry
In a world that knew no stronger acid than concentrated vinegar, the 8th century Muslim chemist Jabir discovered Nitric acid and described the operations of distillation, sublimation, filtration, coagulation and crystallization. Abu Bakar Al-Razi (Rhases) of the 9th century was the first to describe the properties of Sulpheric acid. His contribution in his time is comparable, according to John Draper, to the contributions of Lavoisier and Priestley in the West, in their times. Abu-Musa Al-Kufi who lived in the late 8th century contributed greatly to chemistry to the extent that some of his works were translated into Latin and French; some as late as the 17th century. The orientation of Muslim chemists was on the applied side. They knew about the distillation of water, plasters, syrups, ointments and the tampering of steel. Many English terms in Chemistry originated from Arabic terms such as: camphor, alcohol, elixir, al-kali and syrup (Draper, History of the Intellectual Development of Europe 1: 26-27)

Mathematics
While the numerals are believed to have originated in India, Muslims popularized them. Muhammad Bin Ahmed of the 10th century invented the concept of zero (sifr or void from which the terms cipher and decipher were derived). This did not only replace the cumbersome Roman numerals, but it was also a revolution in Mathematics. It was not until about 300 years later that Europe began to understand this concept (13th century).
Algebra, or calculation by symbols came from the Arabic word Al-Jabr which literally means uniting the broken parts (or bones). Likewise, Algorithm comes from the name of the famous Muslim mathematician Muhammad Bin Musa Al-Khawarizmi of the 9th century, who was described by George Sarton (An Introduction to the History of Science) as, “One of the founders of analysis or algebra as distinct from geometry.” Al-Khawarizmi’s work was completed early in the 10th century by Abul-Wafa who also worked on quadratic equations.
The works of Muslims in Mathematics were translated into Latin and made available to the West through Robert of Chester, Adelard of Bath, and John of Seville. Had it not been for Muslim scholars, the famous works of Euclid would have been lost. Al-Tusi (13th century) had a major influence on the development of non-Euclidean Geometry.
In line with the Muslims scholars’ emphasis on the applied side, they were the first to develop trigonometry in its post-Greek form. They were also the first to use the Sine and Co-sine due to their interest in Astronomy. Moreover, they wrote on spherical trigonometry. Their works on Trigonometry of tangents were not known in Europe until five centuries later. According to George Sarton, “During the thirteenth century, trigonometrical progress was entirely due to Muslim efforts.” (Sarton 2: 12 ; Draper, History of the Conflict Between Religion and Science, 115-116)

Physics
Sarton described the famous Muslim physicist, Al-Hasan Ibn Al-Haytham (Alhazen) of the 11th century as:
"The greatest Muslim Physicist and one of the greatest students of optics of all times.” His book Al-Manazir, “…exerted great influence upon Western science and showed great progress in experimental method.” (Sarton 1 : 721)
In fact, his works were the beginning of the science of optics long before Bacon and Kepler. The inventions of the microscope, the telescope, and cameras are indebted to him. Contrary to the mistaken Greek belief that vision occurs because of a ray of light, which proceeds from the eye to the object, he indicated that light emanates from the object to the eye. John Draper expressed his amazement that Ibn Al-Haythem wrote about this subject in the 11th century:
“We determined that the retina is the seat of vision and that impressions made by light upon it are conveyed along the optic nerve to the brain.” (Draper , History of the Intellectual Development of Europe, 2 :45-46)
For several centuries Ibn Al-Haytham’s work on optics was the main source of study in Europe. Another practical contribution of Muslim physicists was the invention of the compass. While the Greeks knew about the properties of magnets, and while the Chinese had discovered its directive properties, the Muslims were the first to apply this knowledge and use the compass for navigation.
Other contributions to physics include the investigation of hydrostatics (early in the 9th century) and improvements in the use of water wheels. Abdul-Rahman Al-Khosaini wrote Mizan-ul-Hikmah, which according to Sarton was:
“One of the main physical treatises of the middle ages. It contains tables of specific gravities of liquids and solids and various physical facts and theories.” (Sarton 2:26)

Medicine
Muslim interest in health care is related to Islamic teachings. Ethically, the human body is a trust from God which should not be destroyed (for example, by committing suicide) or abused (for example, by drugs and intoxicants). Both preventative and remedial aspects of medicine are encompassed in Islamic teachings. It is reported that Prophet Muhammad (peace and blessings upon him ) said: "Seek medication for Allah did not create a disease without creating a cure for it." (Abu Dawud). Some early works in Muslim medicine go back to the 8th century (Ibn Al-Muqaffa’). Greater progress was achieved, however, in the 9th century. Of the luminaries of that century is Fakhr-al-Deen Al-Razi (Rhases), chief physician in Baghdad and the greatest physician of the 'Middle Ages.' He wrote what Draper called “an immense medical encyclopedia” which remained among the most important medical references in Europe for 600 years. His treatise on measles and smallpox was translated several times until the 18th century. According to Sarton, “Many contributions to gynecology, obstetrics and ophthalmic surgery can be traced back to him.” (Sarton 1: 609)
In the 10th century Areeb Ibn Saad was the first one to write systematically on Pediatrics. His works were translated into Latin and Hebrew. About the same time Al-Mardeeni, who lived in Egypt, excelled in the preparation of drugs. He compiled a dispensatory which was immensely popular in medieval Europe. For centuries it remained the standard work on the subject. (Sarton 1: 680, 699)
Ibn Sina (Avicenna) who lived in the 11th century wrote a five volume work called Canon (or Precepts) of Medicine dealing with physiology, hygiene, pathology, therapeutics and Materia Medica. For at least 600 years his writings were the supreme authority in the 'Middle Ages' and the basis of medical standards in Italian and French universities. In fact. some of his works were translated and reprinted in Latin and Hebrew as late as the 18th century.
In the early 11th century, Muslim physicians treated cataracts and hemorrhages and used cauterization. Among the famous surgeons was Abul Qasim who lived in Cordoba (Muslim Spain) in the late 11th and early 12th centuries. Sarton considers him as one who “exerted a very deep influence upon the development of European surgery down to the Renaissance.” John Draper states that Abul Qasim’s surgical works were used in Europe until 1497. In the writings of Ibn Rushd we find illustrations of sections of brains and eyes, eye nerves and surgical instruments. They even administered anesthesia using an extract of the 'darnel' plant. Other contributions included works on Bronchotomy, dislocations and fractures and the treatment of skin diseases (Ibn Zuhr, Avenzoar), psychopathology and psychological treatment; and the demonstration of the circulatory system (Ibn Al-Nafees of the 13th century) nearly 300 years before William Harvey, to whom this discovery is attributed. (Sarton 2:1100)
Both mobile and permanent hospitals were known (Al Siba'i). In times of peace, mobile and permanent hospitals toured rural areas offering medical assistance. During the Seljuk rule, same mobile hospitals required forty camels to carry physicians, drugs, medical equipment, food and clothing First aid stations were established and in Ibn Tulun’s mosque in Cairo, a physician came every Friday to give medical care and prescribe drugs that were dispensed from the mosque’s pharmacy. It is believed that the first permanent hospital was built in the first half of the 8th century during the caliphate of Al- Waleed Ibn Abdul-Malik in the city that later came to be known as Baghdad, the seat of the Abbasid caliphate. Hospitals had two wings, one for males and the other for females. Each department had a chief, and the hospital had a physician-in-chief. In addition, there were support staff like nurses and cleaning and food services. After physicians visited their patients, they met with their students in huge lecture halls to discuss their diagnosis. Food was served to patients on covered trays. Some hospitals had their own gardens to grow fresh vegetables and fruit for the hospital’s use.
It is interesting to note that the human and artistic touch was not absent in terms of layout, furniture and even entertainment for patients in the form of skits and story telling. At one time, a special trust was established in Tripoli, Syria to employ two persons whose job it was to pass by patients pretending to be talking to one another in a manner that is audible to the patient, saying, “Look at his sparkling eyes, the redness of his face and the improvement in his health!” This reflects the awareness of the psychological element in treatment.
These are indications that medical care, including hospitalization, was free and universally available to all, including strangers, travelers, and visitors. When the patient entered the hospital, he or she was examined; if there was no need for admission, the person was given medication and sent home. If admitted, the person was registered, asked to take a bath and given clean clothes. When the patient improved, he or she was moved to a convalescent hall. The sign of improvement was his ability to eat a chicken and a loaf of bread. At the time of discharge, a poor patient was given new clothes, and if necessary, some money to help until he is able to resume work. Those who preferred to be treated at home were allowed to do so, in which case, drugs were sent to them. If the person was poor, food also was sent to them. One assessment of the 12th century hospital of Baghdad is that: “It appears to have been built under conditions which, from the point of view of hygiene, were greatly superior to our present day establishments. They were enormous, and air and water circulated in them quite freely.” (Siba'i)
Geography
Like Astronomy, Geography was related to Muslim devotional acts such as Prayer and Pilgrimage. It was also related to the sense of duty to communicate the message of Islam to the world, thus, necessitating travel all over the world. Discovery of the Americas is thought to have been aided by Muslim contribution to Geography.
E. Renan, in his book Averroes and Averrosism, mentions a letter written by Columbus in October 1498 in which he admits that one of the sources which led him to assume the existence of the 'New World' was the work of Ibn Rushd (Averroes) of the 12th century. (qtd. In Bammate 46)
Inspired by the Qur’an, Muslim geographers knew that the earth was spherical.
{And the earth, moreover, hath He extended (to a wide expanse)} ( An-Nazi`at 79:30)
As Sarton put it: “Needless to say that all Arab geographers believed in the roundness of the earth.” (Sarton 2:44). While Europe was insisting that the earth was flat, Muslims were using globes to study geography. (Draper, History of the Conflict Between Religion and Science 109) Writing in the 12th century, the Muslim geographer, Al-Idrisi said: "The earth is round like a sphere and water adheres to it through a natural equilibrium which suffers no variations." (Castorina 1)
Even before Al-Idrisi, the caliph Al-Ma’moon of the 9th century estimated the circumference of the earth to be 2,400 miles; a very close figure to one arrived at by the most modern means today. (Draper, History of the Conflict Between Religion and Science 109) It was also Al-Ma’moon who ordered the drawing of a large map of the world. The volume Al Mamalik Wal Masalik (Roads and Provinces) written in the 9th century was: “An important source of historical topography. It was translated into French in the late 19th century. Equal in importance was Al Yacoobi’s Kitab Al-Bildan which was full of topographic details.”
Several Muslim geographers also excelled in the 10th century, especially Al Mas’ oodi, whose works are best described as an encyclopedia arranged in geographical order. No wonder George Sarton considers him one of the greatest geographers of all time. (Sarton 1:622)
The prominence of Muslim geographers continued for several centuries. Important works included Abdul-Lateef’s (12th century), which produced one of the most important geographical works in the Middle Ages. Al-Yaqooti’s Mu’jam-ul-Bildan is considered by Sarton to be: “An immense compilation of geographical facts listed in alphabetical order.” (Sarton 2 :41) Even the subject of Mathematical Geography was addressed in the 13th century in the works of Abul-Hassan Al-Marakishi which contained, among other data, coordinates of 130 places. About Al-Marakishi, Sarton says: “No medieval writer has taken equal pains to explain the scientific method and instrument.” (Sarton 2:41-42)

Agriculture
Muslim scientists described many plants. At the end of the 12th century, Al-Awwam described 585 plants and explained the cultivation of several kinds of fruit. Some studied plants on their long journeys to pilgrimage like Abul-Abbass Al-Nabati.
On the practical side, they improved the methods of irrigation, used organic fertilizers and improved the breeds of cattle. Peaches, apricots, cotton, rice, bananas and sugar cane were introduced to the West by the Muslims. In Muslim Spain, artificial lakes to raise fish for food were commonplace. (Draper, History of Intellectual Development of Europe 2: 33; History of the Conflict Between Religion and Science 117)

Industry
Advancements were made in the manufacture of fabrics silk, cotton, wool, leather, glass, and steel. Chemistry was applied in making drugs and perfumes. Due to their interest in learning, a paper-making factory was established in Baghdad in 794. The term 'Ream' came from the Arabic 'Rezma' which means bundle (New Webster Dictionary, 1991 ed.)

Commerce
Some historians narrate that at one time up to 850 Saracen (Latin for Arab) ships were docked in the port of Canton (China). Early writings on trade and commerce go back to the 10th century. According to Camille Castorina, some Saracen coins were found in Scandinavia. A golden Anglo-Saxon coin carried the name of King Offa Rex of Mercia on one side; and on the other side it carried the Muslim testimony of faith. A system of cheques (from the Arabic Sakk) and form letters of credit were also used. (Castorina 12-13; Hitti 316)

History
While many Muslim historians focused on the collection and presentation of facts and information, some used critical judgment, an approach that was later adopted in the West. Among the most famous historians are Al-Tabari (late 9th century) who wrote a brilliant universal chronicle; Al-Mas’oodi who wrote 20 large volumes on history which were lost, and whose work Morooj Al-Dhahab (Golden Pastures) was preserved, and Ibn Al-Altheer (13th century) who wrote a universal chronicle up to his time (1231 C.E). (Sarton 1:637-638, 642 and Sarton 2: 527.)

Art and Architecture
While Muslim heritage in this area is rather diverse due to the fusion of various cultures, which came under Muslim rule, there is some elements of unity in it based on Islamic teachings. A good part of this heritage was destroyed in 1258 by the Mongols. A touch of that remained in Spain especially in Al-Hambra and the Cordoba mosque. The influence of Muslim Architecture and Calligraphy was so great that one of the doors of the Cathedral at Puy is decorated with the Arabic inscription (ma sha’ Allah). In fact, an Islamic-style mosaic was found in a number of churches in Auverge (France). In the British museum, an Irish cross from the 9th century is decorated in the middle with the inscription bismillah or 'In the name of Allah.' (Bammate 57-59)
Other Disciplines
Equally important contributions were made in other areas such as political science and sociology. In the 10th century Al-Farabi wrote about the model city: “The perfectly organized state is one which assures its citizens perfect government and happiness after death.”
A more practical work was Al-Mawirdi’s, Al-Ahkam Al-Sultaniyyah (Book of the Rules of Power) written around the end of the 10th century and the beginning of the 11th century.
The famous Muslim sociologist, Ibn Khaldoon (1332-1406), is regarded as one of the greatest sociologists of all times. He was the first one to write on the philosophy of History in a comprehensive and conceptual way. Long before modern Sociology, Ibn-Khaldoon studied: “The evolution of the human society and gave a rational explanation of the progress of history. In his Al-Moqaddima, one finds for the first time a reflection of history, diverse forms of civilization and social institutions, sciences and the arts they foster.”

Lost or Belittled Heritage
It is unfortunate that most of the rich and voluminous works of Muslim scholars were lost or ruined during the assaults on the Muslim world. The Mongols cast in the river Tigris, (in Baghdad) enough books to make a bridge over which they crossed. The ink from these destroyed books blackened the river for a long time.
During the crusades in Syria, nearly 3 million books were destroyed. When the Muslims were defeated in Grenada (Spain), 1 million books were burned by religious fanatics in just one day. Cardinal Zimones of Sicily (15th century) burned more than 80,000 Arabic volumes in the main square of his city of Franda.
No excuse, however, can be granted to some historians and writers who tried to deliberately hide Muslim contributions, and in some cases attributed them to European scientists who were born many centuries later. Among the more fair-minded Western writers is John Draper, who states:
“I have to deplore the systematic manner in which the literature of Europe has contrived to put out of sight our scientific obligations to the Mohammedans. Surely they cannot be much hidden. Injustice founded on religious rancor and National deceit cannot be perpetuated forever.” (Draper, The Intellectual Development of Europe 2:42)

Conclusion

On the conceptual and applied levels, two conclusions seem to emerge from this analysis. Conceptually, Islam is a complete and comprehensive way of life founded on Divine guidance. It makes no distinction between the religious and material aspects of life. Its teaching focus is on the human, as he is a spiritual, intellectual and physical being. Islam does not assume an inherent conflict and disharmony between these three elements of human existence.
This broad approach to life is reflected in Islam’s attitude towards learning, science, and balanced human progress. The Qur’an constantly urges humankind to think, learn, observe, and explore the bounties created by God for human use in fulfillment of the human’s role of trusteeship on earth.
On the historical and practical level, we have seen how the flourishing civilization sparked by Islamic teaching dominated the world of science and learning for nearly 600 years and continued its significant contributions for many more decades. It acted as a bridge between the past and the present; preserving ancient learning, adding considerably to it, and paving the way for the European Renaissance. Without this crucial role, modern scientific and technological development would never have taken place as fast as it did.
This considerable Qur’an-inspired interest in learning was only matched by the attitude of tolerance; tolerance which recognized and encouraged, not only Muslim scholars, but others as well, regardless of their ethnic background or religious conviction. The world has never seen a similar shining example of tolerance, justice, progress, and cooperation for the benefit of all. Surely, human mistakes are to be found, and human deficiencies can be pointed at. This is to be expected in a world that is less than that of angels. Yet, the main question remains: What was the main inspiring force behind the lightening speed of the rise of the Islamic civilization, and its continued prominence for such a long period of time, in spite of internal problems and external invasions? The answer is: the Qur’an. One question remains unanswered, though: If this is the orientation of Islamic teachings, and if these teachings were possible to implement successfully for several centuries, why is it that Muslim civilization began to decline at the time when Europe was awakening from the 'Dark Ages'? Why are Muslims today less advanced than others? Is that not an indication of weakness?
Most certainly it is. However, it is the weakness of Muslims, not of Islam; God's straight path. While external problems and invasions may explain part of the reason, the internal weakness of Muslims and weakening commitment to their faith is perhaps the major cause.
An ideal civilization requires two elements:
Divine guidance, which gives it a firm foundation, and an incentive and a framework, which in turn gives progress a sense of direction and an ethical orientation.
Secondly, hard work, creativity and dynamism (not just wishful thinking or boasting about past glories).
A civilization devoid of Divine guidance may flourish due to hard work. Yet, the absence of the firm foundation of faith and ethics leads to aberrations and eventual fall. It may enable us to leap to the moon without helping us to avoid limping on earth.
Likewise, a civilization, which pays lip service to its basic precepts and fails to fulfill its duties, may fall as well, not because of the weakness of its principle, but because of the failure of its followers to adhere to those principles.
Should Muslims, joined by others, move forward towards this inexhaustible source of strength? Can history repeat itself and can a better world be built for the benefit of all? Maybe we can leap on earth as we did on the moon.
Sources:
Qur’an
The Holy Qur’an, translated by Abdullah Y. Ali, Khalil Al-Rawaf, Washington, D.C., 1946.
Some Modifications were made when necessary for greater clarity.
Other References
Al-Barr, Muhammad A. (MD). Khalq Al-Insan Baynal Tibb Wal Qur’an (in Arabic). Third Edition. Jeddah: Al-Dar Al-Saudiah, 1981.
Bammate, Haider. Muslim Contribution To Civilization. Geneva: Islamic Center, 1962.
Bucaille, Maurice. The Bible, The Qur’an and Science. Indianapolis: American Trust Publication, 1978.
Castorina, Camille P. Saracen Economic Thought: A Prelude. Paper presented at the 6th Annual Conference of the History of Economics, May 1979 at the University of Illinois, Champaign, IL.
Draper, John. History of Intellectual Development of Europe. Rev. Ed.,. New York: Harper and Brothers , 1876.
Draper, John. History of the Conflict Between Religion and Science. London: Henry S. King & Co, 1875.
Hitti, Philip. History of the Arabs. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1973.
Moore, Keith. The Developing Embryo: Clinically Oriented Embryology. Third Edition, with Islamic Additions, Dar Al-Qiblah for the Islamic Literature with permission from W.B. Saunders Co., Jeddah, 1983
Al-Siba’I, Mustapha. Min Rawa’i’ Hadaratina (in Arabic). 2Vols. Beriut: Al-Maktab Al-Islami, 1977.
Sarton, George, An Introduction to the History of Science, The Williams & Wilkins Co, Baltimore, MD, 1950, Vol. I, II
Waheed, K.A. Islam and the Origins of Modern Science. Lahore : Islamic Publication Ltd, 1978.
Wells, H.G. Outline of History. New York: Garden City Books, 1956.
Dr. Jamal Badawi is a professor of management and religious studies, Saint Mary’s University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada

Maulidur Rasul dan manifestasi ummah

Semenjak tahun 969 M, hari kelahiran Nabi Muhammad saw diperingati secara “meriah” oleh orang Fathimiyah di Mesir. Peringatan ini dilakukan dengan khutbah yang mengingatkan kemuliaan Rasulullah. Di akhir acara, pelbagai makanan kesukaan Nabi, seperti madu, dibahagikan kepada fakir miskin.
Di Iraq Utara, semangat merayakan Maulid tidak kurang semaraknya. Di negara 1001 Malam ini Maulid dilaksanakan secara besar-besaran sejak tahun 1200-an. Bahkan mungkin sebelum itu pun sudah dilakukan dalam suasana yang lebih sederhana.
Dikatakan sambutan ini paling meriah di Kota Karbala. Di kota ini persiapan Maulid dimulakan sejak bulan pertama Hijriah. Khemah-khemah dan pondok-pondok kayu didirikan dan haiwan ternakan dikorbankan untuk jamuan para tetamu. Lebih daripada itu, diadakan juga ceramah, bacaan doa dan pelbagai kegiatan kesenian yang berunsur Islam diadakan.
Kemungkinan dari sini bermulanya asal-usulnya Maulid yang akhirnya menjadi tradisi umat Islam, Wallahu A’lam. Yang jelas, setelah tahun 1200-an, sambutan Maulidur Rasul semakin berkembang di negara-negara Islam yang lain. Di Turki, perayaan Mevlut, nama Maulid di sana, bukan sahaja diisi dengan khutbah dan pembacaan syair-syair tentang kemuliaan Rasulullah, bahkan seluruh masjid dan tempat ibadah dihiasi dengan lampu dan lilin. Sambutan Maulidur Rasul di bebarapa negara Islam di Afrika Utara juga disesuaikan dengan budaya tempatan. Di Maghribi misalnya, Maulid diisi dengan pembacaan syair-syair irfani
Di China, pada tarikh kelahiran Rasulullah, Muslim di sana datang ke masjid dengan pakaian yang cantik untuk mendengar bacaan al-Quran dan ceramah para ahung (ulama). Seperti di tempat-tempat lain, isi ceramahnya berkisar tentang kisah perjuangan Rasulullah saw. “Baginda datang dengan ajaran tauhid,” kata para ahung. “Maka sebagai orang Islam, dalam diri kita harus tertanam semangat tauhid. Tuhan hanyalah Allah dan Muhammad saw adalah utusan-Nya.”
Di Republik Islam Iran, perayaan maulid ini dirayakan dengan lebih meriah. Seringkali juga negara Akhund (ulama) itu mengadakan perlbagai seminar dan ceramah berkaitan kehidupan baginda saw. Acara Maulidur Rasul disambut selama seminggu mulai 12 Rabiul Awwal sehingga 17 Rabiul Awwal. Seluruh bandar dihiasi lampu dengan warna yang indah. Pada hari-hari itu masyarakat Iran mempunyai tradisi yang unik, iaitu membahagi-bahagikan kuih-muih atau kurma kepada para pejalan kaki yang kebetulan lalu di depan rumah atau kedai mereka.
Pada zaman Imam Khomeini, kerajaan Iran telah mengisyitharkan bahawa tarikh 12 hingga 17 Rabiul Awal sebagai “Minggu Perpaduan Umat Islam”. Ini berikutan sebahagian ahli sejarah Islam yang berbeza pendapat tentang tarikh sebenar kelahiran Rasulullah saw., iaitu sama ada 12 atau 17 Rabiul Awwal. Program Minggu Perpaduan ini diadakan setiap tahun dengan mengundang para ulama dari pelbagai negara Islam, termasuk Malaysia untuk membincangkan isu-isu semasa yang berkaitan dengan masalah umat Islam masa kini.
Tetapi bagi mereka yang fahaman agamanya agak materialistik, penggunaan lilin, lampu, bacaan syair, selawat dan ceramah seperti yang dilakukan oleh kebanyakan umat Islam tersebut, digolongkan sebagai bid’ah dholalah - bid’ah yang sesat. Mungkin mereka tidak menyedari bahawa itu semua adalah refleksi kecintaan umat yang tulus kepada Muhammad saw.
Namun merayakan kelahiran Nabi Muhammad saw - yang merupakan suatu peristiwa bersejarah dalam peradaban umat manusia – menurut para fuqaha sebagai bid’ah hasanah (good inovation). Pada tahun 1991, satu fatwa telah dikeluarkan oleh Syaikh Muhammad al-Khazraji, seorang mufti besar kerajaan Emiriah Arab Bersatu dan juga seorang pengarang yang kitab-kitab Islam yang menjelaskan bahawa meskipun Maulidur Rasul dengan pelbagai perkembangannya hingga ke hari ini tidak diamalkan pada masa-masa permulaan Islam namun nilai keagungannya dalam menanamkan benih kecintaan kepada Nabi saw sangat penting. Apatah lagi ianya tidak bertentangan dengan prinsip yang ada dalam al-Quran dan as-Sunnah. Maka pada kenyataannya sambutan Maulidur Rasul ini adalah perkara yang sangat dianjurkan (mustahab) sebagai medium untuk menumbuhkan kecintaan kepada baginda Nabi Muhammad saw.
Meskipun begitu, kita dapati ada segolongan umat Islam yang condong kepada mazhab Wahabi menolak sambutan Maulidur Rasul ini, yang mereka namakan sebagai Bid’ah. Bagaimanapun tulisan ini cuba memetik pandangan para ulama besar seperti Ibnu Hajar, al-Suyuti, al-Nawawi, al-Syaukani dan ulama-ulama salafi yang lain di mana di dalam karya-karya mereka menegaskan dokongan terhadap perlunya sambutan Maulidur Rasul.
Ibnu Taimiyah (w. 728 H), seorang ulama Syria, menulis: “Merayakan dan memberi rasa hormat kepada kelahiran Rasulullah saw dan memandangnya sebagai saat-saat yang bersejarah sebagaimana yang dilakukan saudara Muslim kita adalah suatu perbuatan positif. Di dalam perbuatan itu terkandung ganjaran yang besar dari sisi Allah kerana dengan niat tulus dan ikhlas mereka menghormati Baginda Muhammad saw .” (Fatwa, vol. 23, hlm.163).
Murid kesayangannya, Ibnu al-Qayyim memberikan komentarnya: “Mendengarkan senandung indah pada perayaan kelahiran Nabi saw atau merayakan setiap peristiwa suci dalam sejarah Islam akan memberikan ketenteraman dan akan dicucuri rahmat oleh sinar kasih Rasulullah saw”. (Madarij al-Salikin, hlm. 498).
Dalam tradisi kaum salaf, para ulama telah menghasilkan karya-karya sebagai tanda penghargaan terhadap sambutan Maulidur Rasul yang secara khusus dibacakan pada setiap kali sambutan itu. Salah satu di antaranya adalah karya Ibnu Kathir bertajuk Maulid - yang mungkin terbaik - di antara karya-karya kaum salaf itu. Mufassir besar ini memulai Maulidnya dengan mengatakan:
“Malam kelahiran Nabi agung itu adalah suatu malam yang penuh berkah, penuh kesucian, kemuliaan dan keagungan. Malam itu juga merupakan malam yang penuh anugerah, kesucian, penuh pancaran sinar cahaya dan malam yang tak ternilai harganya bagi para pengikut setia Muhammad saw.”
Walaupun pelbagai usaha daripada pihak yang menolak sambutan Maulidur Rasul ini dengan melaungkan slogan “Kembali kepada Al-Quran dan Sunnah”, untuk mencampakkan tradisi kasih-sayang kaum Muslimin ini, namun para ulama tetap berusaha melestarikan tradisi ini.
Dengan keadaan kaum Muslimin yang semakin hilang bimbingan serta suri tauladan dalam kehidupan mereka seharian, maka syair yang membuatkan airmata mengalir, selawat dan doa yang membasahkan jiwa, ceramah yang penuh dengan nada cinta serta tradisi yang suci ini perlu terus dihayati. Ketika keadaan umat Islam hari ini yang memerlukan aura lebih banyak untuk menyalakan kembali api cinta terhadap Rasulullah, maka masyarakat kita seharusnya tidak meremehkan sambutan-sambutan Maulidur Rasul dan apa sahaja tradisi yang dapat menumbuhkan kecintaan pada yang terkasih, pembimbing dan junjungan kita Muhammad saw – selama tidak bercanggah dengan Al-Quran dan Sunnah.
Lebih membimbangkan, apabila benih kecintaan ini mulai hilang dari kita, akan datang suatu masa di suatu generasi yang tidak mengenali sama sekali siapa Muhammad saw.

Saturday, April 12, 2008

Laluan obor pemikiran Islam..Di mana permulaannya


جاء ملتقى الإسكندرية الذي انعقد مطلع الشهر الحالي خامساًُ في سلسلة مؤتمرات متتالية شهدتها العواصم العربية فمن مؤتمر الوسطية في دمشق, إلى منتدى تأصيل التنوير في عمان, إلى مؤتمر الديمقراطية والعالم الإسلامي في قطر, إلى مؤتمر التنمية الإسلامية في الرباط, إلى مؤتمر الإصلاح العربي في الاسكندرية,اكتملت سلسلة متتالية من خمسة مؤتمرات عقدت كلها منذ مطلع العام الحالي, وحشدت أبرز رجال العلم والدعوة في البلدان العربية لتأكيد حقيقة الحاجة المتنامية لتقديم خطاب تجديد للعقل العربي بعد سلسلة الإحباطات التي عاناها العالم الإسلامي جراء انقسامه على ذاته واستهدافه من قبل أعدائه.‏ربما لا يزال أكثر الأسئلة إلحاحاً في مؤتمرات التجديد هو التساؤل من أين سنبدأ, وهو سؤال أصبح عمره أكثر من مائة عام ويكشف لك أننا لا نزال نتعامل بعقل طفولي مع حركة الإصلاح, ويتصرف كل منا كما لو أن الإصلاح نزل عليه الليلة في غاره, وأن جبريل قد خرج للتو من محرابه الفكري, وأن أحداً لم يهتد لمثل ما هدي إليه, وأن عليه أن يكتب خريطة النهضة التي يجب أن يلتزمها الأول والآخر, ويدون فيها ما كان وما يكون وما هو كائن إلى يوم القيامة.
‏من وجهة نظري فإن هذا اللون الطفولي من التعاطي مع مسائل الإصلاح هو الذي يعطل طاقات الأمة ويبحترها, والحقيقة أن خريطة الإصلاح قد كتبت بالكامل واحترقت جدلاً وبحثاً, وهناك مشاريع إصلاح عربي سياسي واقتصادي ودبلوماسي ورياضي وديني, ولهذه المشاريع آباء معروفون, ليس من مصلحة النهضة العربية أن تتجاهل كفاحهم, بل المطلوب أن ننسج على منوالهم ونستأنف ما بدؤوه.‏إننا نقيم المؤسسات ثم ننساها ثم ننقضها ثم نفكر بتأسيسها من جديد في تراكم عبثي للطاقات المهدورة.‏في أحد اجتماعات المجلس العالمي للدعوة والإغاثة تقدمت الأمانة العامة بمشروع قانون لتأسيس وكالة الأنباء الإسلامية وبعد جدل طويل وجلسات اختصاصية مع خبراء متميزين وبعد تقارير مفصلة من الخبراء الإعلاميين والماليين تقرر إحداث وكالة الأنباء الإسلامية, وانطلقت الوكالة ناشطة في زحمة الإعلام العالمي تحاول أن تفرض نفسها كشريك حقيقي بين البارونات الإعلامية المتنافسة في سماء الإعلام, وقدم مدير الوكالة تقريره للأمانة العامة بعد سلسلة احتفالات لإشهار الوكالة وحملة إعلامية مناسبة لتعريف العالم الإسلامي بوكالة أنبائه وصوته الشرعي.‏بعد عامين اثنين وخلال اجتماع الدورة التالية للمجلس, تقدمت إحدى المنظمات الإسلامية بخطة عملها للمؤتمر وكان على رأس مطالبها تأسيس وكالة أنباء إسلامية!!‏نقيم المؤسسات ثم ننساها ونتجاهلها, ثم نعود في لحظة تأمل للمطالبة بالمشروع إياه!!‏بعد استعراضه لتاريخ الفكر في موسوعته العظيمة قصة الفلسفة يقول ول ديورانت: كل الأفكار العظيمة كتبت ولم يبق إلا وضعها موضع التنفيذ
‏إنها ليست فقط رؤية وول ديورانت في منتصف القرن العشرين بل هي أيضاً رؤية سوفوكليس في القرن الرابع قبل الميلاد وعلى نهجه زينون وأفلاطون وأفلوطين ولاوتسي, وهي كلمة سرمدية في الزمان والمكان.‏إعلان حقوق الإنسان ليس شيئاً تم اكتشافه بعد الحرب العالمية الثانية ولافي مطلع القرن ولا مع إعلان استقلال الولايات المتحدة ولا في الثورة الفرنسية ولا في عصر الأنوار ولا في سقوط القسطنطينية ولا في اكتشاف أمريكا, إنه أقدم من ذلك بكثير إنه شيء يمتد بصراحة إلى أول حرفين كتبتهما يد جدنا المجهول في رأس شمرا الذي قدم للعالم الأبجدية الأولى ودعا الإنسان إلى التأمل في حقوقه والتزاماته, ومن ثم بدأ تراكم المعرفة بهذه الحقوق وتطورها في كل جيل حتى استوت على ما هي عليه وتم إعلانها في الأمم المتحدة.
‏التجديد الديني هو أحد أشكال النهضة, ولكن علينا أن نكف عن القول بأننا نبتدع شيئا جديداً في الإسلام, ليس من منطلق الخوف من البدع فأنا أميز جيداً بين البدعة وبين الإبداع وبقدر ما كان الإسلام حرباً على البدعة فقد كان دعوة مفتوحة للإبداع, وأنا شخصياً مولع بالخروج على المألوف, ومع ذلك فليس لي أن أدعي أنني أسست للتنوير الإسلامي في سورية بل أنا ناهج على سلف من سبقوا في ذلك, فالتجديد الديني له آباؤه ومؤسسوه, ومؤتمر الإسكندرية لم يكن أكثر من محاولة لاكتشاف جهود الآباء المؤسسين والنسج على منوالها.‏بدأت حركة التنوير الديني في بلاد الشام ومصر على يد الإمام محمد عبده, والذي كان بدوره امتداداً طبيعياً لروح الكواكبي في الشام وكان كل منهما يبحث عن مثله الأول في نهضات سابقة للفكر العربي لها آباء ورموز ومؤسسون في شخصيات رجال كبار كالإمام الطوفي والإمام الشاطبي, ومن قبلهم أبو حنيفة وابن جرير الطبري ومالك بن أنس, وصولاً لكبار الصحابة الكرام وغيرهم من أئمة الهدى والنور
‏إن ثقافة استئناف ما أنجزه الأولون والبناء عليها هي ثقافة قدمها لنا في خير صورة النبي الكريم بقوله: مثلي ومثل الأنبياء من قبلي كمثل رجل بنى داراً فأحسنها وأكملها إلا موضع لبنة فكان الناس إذا مروا بتلك الدار يقولون ماأحسن هذه الدار لولا موضع اللبنة فكنت أنا تلك اللبنة وأنا خاتم النبيين, فهو لم يقل أنا الدار كلها , لم يقل أنا الجدران والبنيان والقبة والمحراب والمهد المفروش والسقف المرفوع , وإنما قال أنا لبنة في بنيان الأنبياء, وراح في القرآن الكريم يؤكد بلفظ واضح لا لبس فيه أنه جاء مصدقاً لما بين يديه, بل كان أكثر صراحة حين كرر عشرات المرات: قل إنني هداني ربي إلى صراط مستقيم دينأً قيماًً ملة إبراهيم حنيفاً , وقال: ثم أوحينا إليك أن اتبع ملة إبراهيم حنيفاً وما كان من المشركين.‏إنها شجاعة فريدة دون شك يقدمها ذلك النبي الحكيم الذي تحدث عن نفسه على أنه محطة في تاريخ طويل من الإصلاح شارك به الأنبياء, ولم يرسم صورته ثائراً أزرق بهزيم الرعد, بيده لواء العالمين, وعلى خطاه تسلك الإنس والجن ويتزاحم الثقلان, وأن آدم ومن قبله الطم والرم ومن بعده من العالمين كان ينهج نهجه ويقتبس من كلامه ويسلك دربه, وأن من سمع به ولم يكفر بكل ما سواه فإنه خالد في نار الجحيم
‏ليس هذا الوعي محض مطالعة إنشائية بل هو ثقافة سائدة وسيجد هذا المقال من يهاجمه, فهناك فريق لا يزال يعتقد أن الله خلق محمداً قبل آدم, وأن نوحاً استشفع به لينال عفو الله, وأن من جودة الدنيا وضرتها ومن علومه علم اللوح والقلم, وأن داود كان يرتل القرآن قبل مبعثه بسبعة عشر قرناً, وأن إبراهيم وموسى وعيسى ونوح وأيوب وإدريس لم يخرجوا عما تخيره البخاري في الصحيح, وأن العقيدة الطحاوية هي اعتقاد أيوب وموسى وعيسى والغابر والعابر والدابر!!‏إن النبي الكريم لم يطرح نفسه للعالم على أنه الأول والآخر, والماحي لما سبق والمبطل لما هو آت, وإنما طرح نفسه في صورة مرحلة من مراحل الكفاح لإنجاز العدل والتوحيد في التاريخ, فقال بوضوح أنا محض لبنة في بنيان الأنبياء, وفي خطاب ذي دلالة أكد القرآن الكريم على هذه الحقائق بقوله: (ما يقال لك إلا ما قد قيل للرسل من قبلك), وقال: (ثم أوحينا إليك أن اتبع ملة إبراهيم حنيفاً وما كان من المشركين), وفي أربعة عشر موضعاً تكرر في القرآن الكريم قول الله تعالى: (مصدقاً لما بين يديه).‏حين شاركنا في رسالة التنوير هنا في الشام, أقول شاركنا ولا أقول أسسنا أو أطلقنا أو أنشأنا, قيل إننا نغرد خارج السرب, ولكن مؤتمر الإسكندرية ومن قبله مؤتمر عمان ودمشق وقطر والرباط وهي خمسة مؤتمرات عقدت في شهر واحد وحشدت أصحاب الفكر التجديدي من البلاد العربية, جعلتني أشعر تماماً أن هناك أيضاً سرب للتجديد وهو ليس سرباً شاردا أو شاتاً إنه أيضاً ينبع من تراب الأرض, إنه تيار قديم ومن حقه اليوم أن يتشكل في بناء مؤسساتي, وأن يرفع صوته على قاعدة إذا أردنا أن يبقى الإسلام حياً فعلينا أن نأخذ من تراث الآباء الجذوة وليس الرماد, وهو تيار لا يبعد عن ثقافة العقل في تقرير أنه من ليس له كبير ليس له تدبير, ومن ليس له قديم ليس له جديد, ومن لا يبصر الماضي لن يرى المستقبل
‏في حفل من حفلات المولد النبوي قام خطيب شاب يمتلئ حماسة ونشاطاً, وهو كما قال جودت سعيد: إن شبابنا لا يفتقرون إلى الإخلاص إنهم احترقوا من الإخلاص نطحوا الجدار!! إنما يفتقرون إلى المنهج, وفي غمرة خطابه الغاضب للتعريف بأهداف الرسالة قال: إن الإسلام قام خلال نصف قرن بتحطيم حضارات العالم القديم حيث حطم الحضارة الفارسية والحضارة الرومانية وأقام على أنقاضهما حضارة الإسلام!!‏إنها كلمة عابرة أجزم أنك تكاد تسمعها في كل شهر مرة على أقل تقدير ولكننا لم ننتبه أن هذا اللون من الفهم يتناقض حتى النخاع مع منطق الإسلام البدهي في احترام ما أنجزه الإنسان الذي كرمه الله وأسجد له ملائكته من قبل نزول النبوات, وبالتالي فإن خطاباً كهذا ينصب منصات الحرب بين الإسلام والآخر إلى آخر الدهر.‏قلت له بهدوء : يا صديقي ليس فخراً للإسلام أنه حطم حضارات الأمم, بل مجده في حماية هذه الحضارات واستئنافها, ومن ثم محاربة المظالم, إن الإسلام لا يكفر بما أنجزه الناس وإنما يؤسس على ما أنجزوه, وإن القاعدة التي تحكم موقف الإسلام من كفاح البشرية هي قوله تعالى: (نتقبل عنهم أحسن ما عملوا ونتجاوز عن سيئاتهم).‏هذا بالضبط ما آمل أن ألقاه من محكمة التاريخ في قادم الأيام.


(Muhammad Habash)

Religion for God..Land for all

Congratulations Ardoghan to you and to the Islamic Turkey and to the future of renewal Islamic speech. in my lonely meeting with Mr.Ardoghan which was arranged by the Ambassador of Turkey in Meridian hotel in Damascus, I was by the company of my dear friend the martyr sheikh Ma'ashouq Khaznawi who was speaking Turkish language fluently, and actually, the meeting was an experience for the project of that long man who is full of hope and confidence, and although he is leading a real civilized project, but he doesn’t speak any language except Turkish, and he was eager to know more about the idea of emerging Islamic speech in Syria which interests also in building true relations between Islam and Secularism.

Maybe the grief of Ardoghan success is completely Turkish, but we have to read its reflection on Islamic world, and its effects on the Arabic environment in Turkey.The most important question now: what is the movement which Ardoghan adopts??Is it a collection of hermits and humble Islamic singers who turned to work in the political field??Ardoghan didn’t commit to Sufism or conservative trend, nor his goals are to achieve victory to one trend or thought, time hasn’t passed too much in bizantinian argument about the meanings of secularism, and the agreement and disagreement between fundamentalism and secularism, and masons conspiracies , lottery and lions and other Zionist associations showing it as the cause of emerging secular thought, and it didn’t dedicate the researchers to make studies which approve that the secular thought has Zionist roots, and its relation with devil. But he only showed himself as a project for justice and developing for all, his duty is reforming the land regardless the issue of punishment and award, and he in that doesn’t apply secular base which Voltaire declared in the existence of Pope: Religion for God, Land for all, which is a rule of Jesus the Christ's instructions: " Give what to Caesar to Caesar, and what to God to God".And he found it within the text of Holy Quran :

" قُلِ اللَّهُمَّ فَاطِرَ السَّمَاوَاتِ وَالْأَرْضِ عَالِمَ الْغَيْبِ وَالشَّهَادَةِ أَنتَ تَحْكُمُ بَيْنَ عِبَادِكَ فِي مَا كَانُوا فِيهِ يَخْتَلِفُونَSay,

" O God! Creator of the heavens and the earth! Knower of all that is hidden and open! Its Thou that will judge between thy servants in those matters about which they have differed". Holy Qoran, Zumar 46And he read it clearer in the golden speech of our brave prophet: "you are more aware of your life issues than me."I told him O' my teacher, your success pleased the hearts of believers in Islamic world, but what about secularism in Turkey? The man was pleased for such a question, so he answered; what did you say ?, secularist???!! we have worked for the Turkish society, and we haven’t any privileges to the hermits on others, we left the matter of judgment to God, and we served the society, he said to me: haven’t you read what God said to his generous prophet:

" فَذَكِّرْ إِنَّمَا أَنتَ مُذَكِّرٌ"

Therefore do thou give admonition, for thou are one to admonish". Holy Quran Ghashia 21Ardoghan promised publicly to save the secular regime and to fight for the sake of it, he spoke too much about its advantages and he, in this regard, differs from his teacher Ardoghan who was talking about the protection of secular regime, but we see that this situation is the result of many pressures we face, and it’s a period which we have to pass, and we -as a Muslim- have to smile even to those we don’t like, and here this man apologized wisely concerning the legitimate policy.Ardoghan has never adopted this way, and he searched for the advantages of secular regime on the base of :

نَتَقَبَّلُ عَنْهُمْ أَحْسَنَ مَا عَمِلُوا وَنَتَجاوَزُ عَن سَيِّئَاتِهِمْSuch are they from whom we shall accept the best of their deeds and pass by their deeds". Holy Quran, Ahkaf 16According to Ardoghan, there are a definite issues between the secular regime and Islamic law which we deal with wisely, and even we can put it off if there is a need, and he could ,by the secular logic itself, speak about the deviation of secularism from its mission when it faced Hijab( veil) and it imposed a style of cloth which contradicts ( doesn’t agree) with secularism values, and he accompanied his veiled spouse to Yeldez castle in front of the secular Turkish cameras.The question now: why do most of Islamic leaders direct their mission in launching war against secularism and putting the world between two choices secularism or Islamic law?The same question we can ask to Arab secular preachers who interest in confronting Islamic society and accusing others of being close???.Actually, if an Islamic clerk calls today for reconciliation between Islam and secularism, and when secular thinkers call for reconciliation between secularism and Islam law; he will be condemned of being contradicted in these two trends, and none of them will accept the other.

The experience of Ardoghan differs from that, and it works to renew the Islamic values in the society by the secularism tools itself.What concerns me here is my home Syria, where there is hundreds of secular thinkers who adopt the statement: religion for God, Country for all. and It’s the statement which the great thinker Abdul Rahman Kawakebi adopted, and its not a secret if I say that the secularism speech today is classified as a infidel speech at least in the preaching association in Gulf, and its an ideas which is mostly welcome in Syria and we have to admit this fact.How we accept the reconciliation attitude of Ardoghan with secularism, since we refuse that for Arab thinkers??? And why we consider secularism to be an infidel project??I don’t mean here the contract of marriage between Islam and secularism, these two logics are different and not necessary in conflict and you can find many secular thinkers who know God , prophet Muhammad and the Holy Quran, and they are highly committed to Islam and its values, and in Arafat square, you can meet thousands of pilgrimages who belong to secularism parties, and may be they are the founders of secularism and defenders of it.

So what's the opinion of secularism enemies towards those?? I'm not secular, and I'm working for convincing the secularists in the richness of Islam law, and of Islamic logic, and concentrating on the identity of Islamic country and its core as a capital of spirit and believing in God, and I refuse the extremist secular logic which portraits Hijab as an issue against secularism, as the newspaper Striatoay chooses as a title: to veil or not to veil , but I feel despair from the harsh wars which some friends launch on secularism as a infidel project which rejects religion and doesn’t believe in God.I'm not here to speak about secularism or to interpret its meanings, but I'm only interested in defending my brothers who choose secularism as a political solution for life' problems.And in consequence, its doubled message, so as much as we interest in showing the tolerance of Islam and its acceptance to others, as much as we ask secularists to know that they are not responsible of putting the terms of citizenship and that the faults of the followers of secularism are not less than those which the extremists had directed to the tolerant spirit of Islam.

(Muhammad Habash,Damascus.)

Sunday, April 06, 2008

Pertembungan berterusan-ANWAR MAHATHIR

Perang politik yang sedang melanda tanahair hari ini saya anggap tidak lain dan tidak bukan daripada dulu lagi ialah pertembungan Tun Dr. Mahathir Mohamad dengan Datuk Seri Anwar Ibrahim. Sejak zaman Tunku Abdul Rahman, perdana menteri kita yang pertama, politik tanah-air tidak ada lampu pelita disepanjang sejarah kita melainkan dua makhluk ini sahaja.Siapa yang sebenarnya menjadi penunjuk jalan dalam kemelut pasca merdeka dulu, jika bukan Dr. Mahathir? Semasa zaman Tunku, kejayaan masa itu adalah kemerdekaan, iaitu kejayaan kolektif UMNO dengan pelbagai pertubuhan pejuang seperti KMM, API dan AWAS. Tetapi tidak ada tokoh yang pemikiran tajam, analitikal, futuristik, dinamik serta pragmatik dan results-oriented melainkan Dr. Mahathir.

Beliau juga seorang master strategist, politikus handalan, yang berkebolehan silat kungtau sepertimana yang diajar dalam kitab Sun Tze iaitu The Art of War - Strategi Perang yang mengajar pengikutnya supaya kelihatan lemah apabila kuat, dan kelihatan kuat apabila engkau sebenarnya adalah lemah.Mula-mula kita mesti lihat macamana Dr. Mahathir hidup dari segi politik semasa zaman dahulu sebelum beliau naik. Dr. M sudah analisa macamana nak mengaut sokongan dan melicinkan perjalanannya ke atas. Sebagai anak murid kitab Sun Tze, ia diajar bahawa jalan ke atas bukanlah lurus tetapi bengkang bengkok. Ia melibatkan strategi menggunakan lawan dan keadaan dan peluang. Ia melihat setiap krisis sebagai peluang keemasan. Misalnya apabila berlaku kejutan yang mengancam UMNO semasa 1969, masa itulah sesiapa yang ingin naik hendaklah buat kejutan politik dan tanam benihnya supaya terpelanting naik nanti pokoknya itu. Di situ Dr. M telah melakukan yang necessary iaitu mengorak langkah menentang Tunku secara terbuka dan menulis buku yang boleh diharamkan dengan sengaja supaya menjadi legenda dan menaikkan penulisnya.

Saya lebih tertanya-tanya apabila saya lihat macamana beliau tidak memilih orang-orang yang lebih cerdik darinya untuk memimpin kabinetnya. Melainkan seorang sahaja iaitu Anwar Ibrahim pada tahun 1982 + - (lebih kurang, maaf tarikh tak ingat sangat dan tak berapa penting. Yang penting ialah strategi caturnya. Itu sebab kita boring main catur, pasal Kasparov dan Karpov ambik 2 jam baru nak gerak balas satu step dalam midgame).Dengan adanya orang yang agak tidak sebijak kita, maka mereka akan jadi pak turut, yes men yang taat dan akan menyokong kekuasaan kita tanpa cabaran supaya senanglah taukeh meneruskan apa jua rancangannya. Inilah kabinet Dr. Mahathir dari dulu sampai sekarang. Tidak ada tokoh yang berwibawa. Ini taktik langsung dari kitab SunTze. Tidak disuruh taukeh atau maharaja ambik ramai sangat penasihat. Cukuplah seorang sahaja. Yang lain menjadi pengawal istana.

Apabila Dr. Mahathir meninggalkan jawatannya, ia amat mengejutkan kepada orang kebanyakan tetapi tidak kepada ahli strategi ala Sun Tze. Sebenarnya SunTze sekiranya ia masih hidup (beliau zaman 250 sebelum masihi semasa negara Cina tengah berperang-lenang lagi) akan ketawa seronok besar dan memuji-muji Dr. Mahathir sebagai anak muridnya yang cukup bijak.Dr. Mahathir memang bijak dan sudah tahu apa akan berlaku sekiranya Pak Lah diberikan kerusi no1. Selepas itu Dr. M mengatur langkah untuk memulakan serangan olok-oloknya padahal Dr. M sudah tahu apa akan berlaku kepada ekonomi negara, kenaikkan harga minyak (Dr. M masih penasihat Petronas?) dan kelemahan PRU12.Serangan olok-olok itu adalah benih round kedua Mahathir kembali berkuasa. Dia sepatutnya lemah kerana sakit jantung dan operate dah entah berapa kali dah. Tetapi apakah anda pasti dia betul2 operate kerana sakit atau kerana persiapan? Bukankah ia mengikuti ajaran SunTze bahawa sekiranya kuat, tunjuklah engkau lemah, supaya musuh tak sangka anda boleh menyerang dengan pantasnya lalu cepat2 kuasai musuh dengan sempurnyanya. Pembedahan jantung juga untuk menguatkan jantung sebenarnya dengan persiapan supaya tidak mudah terjatuh sakit semasa di medan perang! Bukankah Dr. M itu seorang doktor yang cukup teliti tentang kesihatannya?

Adapun seseorang pemimpin itu dalam konteks fenomina sosio-politik adalah seorang tokoh yang boleh menjadi inspirasi kepada semua. Seorang yang apabila kita dengar dia bercakap, kita akan tergerak untuk bertindak, atau terasa bersemangat dan sebagainya. Kedua-dua tokoh tersebut mampu melakukan yang sedemikian. Yang sedihnya tidak boleh ada dua obor hidup dalam satu arena yang sama. Mereka mesti terlawan antara satu sama lain.Dengan menyedari betapa pentingnya seorang pemimpin politik, kita pula ada dilema yang tersendiri. Kita tidak mempunyai calon yang ramai yang sesuai untuk kriteria kerusi nombor 1! Yang ada untuk kaum bumiputra atau dengan lebih tepat lagi kaum Melayu hanyalah dua sahaja, yakni Mahathir dan Anwar. Selain mereka tidak ada yang boleh dikatakan setaraf atau sehebat untuk memimpin negara dalam konteks yang digambarkan di atas.

Dalam keadaan kompleks politik negara, perlu senantiasa ada satu keramat politik - iaitu perlu ada seorang pemimpin yang karismatik, hebat, mencabar, dan memecah belengu strata diperingkat negara, tetapi penting sekali dia mesti mampu memimpin (He must be able to lead). Jadi dengan krisis hari ini kita sangka kita ada seorang pilihan sahaja, iaitu Anwar. Tetapi tidak. Kita masih ada Mahathir. Beliau telah mengurung Anwar pada awalnya tetapi harimau ini sudah dilepaskan awal. Maka singa tua terpaksa keluar kembali kerana perkiraan dan kepentingan politiknya sudah terancam. Saya percaya Mahathir menyerang Pak Lah waktu itu bukanlah kerana PakLah ubah dasarnya. Tetapi kerana singa tua sudah terhidu kancil sedang mengunjung ke penjara bertanya khabar harimau malang.Anwar adalah lebih merbahaya kepada Mahathir daripada merbahaya kepada Pak Lah...BERSAMBUNG

Moderation the key to succes for Pas ?

(New Straits Times)

- Pas plays down its Islamic state goal in favour of a political ideology that is acceptable to the country’s multi-religious population. It says it is now the party for all, writes ZUBAIDAH ABU BAKARPAS spiritual leader Datuk Nik Abdul Aziz Nik Mat was bemused when a group of Indians greeted him with "Ampun Tok Guru" when he met them at JKR 10, the menteri besar's official residence in Kota Baru.The group was on a "familiarisation visit" to the Pas-ruled state.They had journeyed in two buses from Perak. Most were seeing Nik Aziz in person for the first time.Many had never even been to Kelantan before, and had only heard negative things about the state since Pas took control in 1990.The party official relating this episode said the group knew next to nothing about Pas and its leadership.It was certainly not the group's intention to offend Malay rulers; they simply did not know how to address Nik Aziz.There have been several quirky incidents like this since Pas launched its outreach programme to non-Muslims soon after the 2004 general election.

The "moderation strategy" adopted by the party's so-called young Turks, trained in secular and religious disciplines and led by party deputy president Nasharuddin Mat Isa, has to some extent succeeded in broadening Pas' appeal among non-Muslims.Nasharuddin said: "It's the beginning of a new perception of the party."We have been strategising since the 2004 general election, and the just-concluded general election results show that it's paying off."The party has invested resources and time in expanding its support among Chinese and Indian voters, while keeping a grip on the Malay belt and its traditional strongholds.Analysts said Pas had made a remarkable recovery from its disastrous performance in 2004, as it adopted a moderate stance and shifted away from its fundamentalist rhetoric.The young Turks rose to top positions in last year's hotly-contested party polls, and their decision to reach out to non-Muslims through programmes organised by the party's national inter-racial committee is working.The party's insistence on setting up an Islamic state was rejected by voters in 2004, when Pas only won five parliamentary seats and saw its impressive gains in 1999 slashed in Terengganu, Selangor, Kedah, Perlis and Perak.

The party's conservative ulama had to absorb a painful lesson. A series of post-mortems after the elections concluded that Malaysians, including Malays, could only accept Pas if it changed its conservative ways and transformed itself into a party for all.The motto "Pas For All" was adopted for promotion to all races.Since then, Pas has stepped up programmes designed to woo non-Muslims and the Malay middle ground, two blocs of voters who gave significant support to Pas in the 1999 general election but swung back to Barisan Nasional in 2004.On March 8, Pas was rewarded with a big win in its heartland of Kelantan, which it had been holding by a one-vote majority in the state legislature, a new power base in Kedah, and a share in the tripartite governments of Penang, Perak and Selangor. The party claimed 23 of the 222 parliamentary seats.Nasharuddin said: "Pas leaders now face the greater challenge to accommodate the needs of all races."In his victory speech on polling day, Nik Aziz said: "The people who are not Muslim, the Chinese, the Indians and other minorities now accept our Islamic governance despite BN's promises of development."Further reassuring non-Muslims, party president Datuk Seri Abdul Hadi Awang said Pas would interpret its victory on the Islamic principle that everyone is equal."We are brothers and sisters. There should be no more dividing people along racial lines."Pas think-tank head Dr Dzulkifli Ahmad said Pas now fully understood the need to articulate its political ideology in terms acceptable to the multi-religious population.It played down the Islamic state goal in favour of a manifesto titled "A Trustworthy, Fair and Clean Government: Towards a Nation of Care and Opportunity".The early launching of the manifesto soon after the dissolution of parliament also attracted support.The party's social and political engagements have been extensive.

Many Pas supporters' clubs among Chinese and Indian communities have sprouted.Dzulkifli said: "This has been consoling and reassuring. We have been able to counter the negative stereotyping and bad image by engaging directly with all communities and stressing a substantive approach to our Islamic principles and teachings, rather than becoming entangled in debates on semantics that our enemies would like to drag us into."We have turned our image into a more progressive Islamic party with middle-ground appeal while not losing our traditional support."We have also been relentless in the fight for democratic rights and against draconian rules and laws."We continue to uphold the rights of marginalised people of all ethnic groups and political persuasions, including the Indian community."A sizable factor in the party's election results was its candidate line-up, comprising a mix of religious scholars, professionals and party activists of both genders.The party's think-tank had worked hard to give Pas a friendlier and more amenable face to make the most of the growing anti-establishment sentiment.Dzulkifli said: "We now stand tall to humbly say that Pas is, indeed, for all."

//http://www.malaysia-today.net/

Saturday, April 05, 2008

Di sebalik tragedi Muharram

Apabila tiba bulan muharram, umat Islam sering dihidangkan dengan kisah kekejaman salah seorang khalifah Islam yang terdiri dari kalangan khalifah Bani Umaiyah iaitu Khalifah Yazid bin Mu'awiyah r.a. dan turut dihidangkan sama kisah-kisah penderitaan anak cucu Nabi Muhammad s.a.w. terutamanya Sayyidina Husain r.a. yang kononnya menjadi mangsa kekejaman Yazid.Namun begitu sejauhmanakah kebenaran kisah-kisah tersebut ataupun ianya tidak lebih dari cerita-cerita penglipurlara golongan yang memusuhi sahabat-sahabat Nabi Muhammad s.a.w. Peristiwa ini jugalah yang menyebabkan umat Islam dengan mudah menelan segala cerita khayalan dan fantasi mengenai kejahatan serta kebejatan khalifah Yazid yang diada-adakan oleh musuh-musuh Islam dengan maksud untuk memadamkan kegemilangan sejarah pemerintahan serta tamaddun Islam.
Kalau dilihat sejenak kepada kitab-kitab sejarah maka akan ditemui banyak percanggahan berkenaan peristiwa tersebut. Di dalam sesetengah kitab terdapat riwayat yang menunjukkan bahawa golongan yang bertanggungjawab membunuh Sayyidina Husain r.a. ialah tentera Yazid namun di dalam kitab yang sama tetapi di tempat yang lain pula disebutkan Syi'ah Iraqlah (Kufah) yang bertanggungjawab dalam peristiwa tersebut. Dan kalaulah diperhatikan kepada semua riwayat yang memuatkan cerita-cerita tersebut baik yang khusus berkenaan pembunuhan Sayyidina Husain r.a. di tangan Yazid serta kisah kejahatan dan amalan buruk Yazid ianya tidak lebih daripada rekaan golongan yang ditolak periwayatan mereka oleh ulama-ulama ilmu rijal (ilmu untuk menilai pewarta).
Antara cerita daripada perawi-perawi tersebut ialah apa yang dikemukakan oleh Imam Thabari dan Imam Ibnu Kathir daripada Abu Mikhnaf Lut bin Yahya (Tarikh Thabari jilid 3 hal.305-342 dan Al-Bidayah Wan Nihayah jilid 8 hal. 217),Al-Baladzuri daripada Al-Waqidi (Ansabul Ashraf jilid 4 hal. 21-30) begitu juga Ibnu Sa'ad (Tabaqat Ibnu Sa'ad) dan lain-lain lagi seperti Ibnu 'Asakir (Dalaailun Nubuwwah), Khalifah bin Khayyat (Tarikh Khalifah bin Khayyat), Al-Mas'udi (Murujuz Zahab), Al-Ya'kubi (Tarikh Ya'kubi). Kalau diperhatikan kepada semua riwayat berkenaan Khalifah Yazid ianya berpunca daripada mereka berdua serta Muhammad bin Zakaria Al-Ghallabi, Umar bin Syabbah dan Muhammad bin As-Saib Al-Kalbi bahkan boleh dikatakan 90 peratus peristiwa Karbala ini berpunca daripada Abu Mikhnaf.Lalu jika diteliti siapakah mereka itu maka akan didapati mereka adalah golongan yang ditolak periwayatannya oleh ulamak-ulamak muktabar. Antaranya ialah Muhammad bin Umar yang lebih dikenali dengan gelaran Al-Waqidi. Ibnu Hajar menyebutkan dalam "Lisanul Mizan" dengan katanya, "Seorang yang ditinggalkan periwayatannya walaupun luas ilmunya"(jilid 3 hal. 288). Ibnu Ma'in berkata, "Seorang yang tidak ada nilainya"(Tarikh Ibnu Ma'in jilid 2 hal. 532). Abu Hatim, Nasaie berkata, "Riwayatnya ditolak" dan Imam Abu Zur'ah berkata, "Seorang yang lemah riwayatnya" (Al-Jarh Wat-Ta'dil juz 8 hal. 20 dan Adh-Dhu'afaa' lin Nasaie hal 557).Berkenaan dengan Abu Mikhnaf pula Imam Zahabi menyebutkan dalam "Mizanul I'tidal" bahawa "Beliau seorang yang tidak boleh dipercayai", Abu Hatim dan lain-lain ulama jarh dan ta'dil telah meninggalkannya (tidak menerima riwayatnya). Daaraqutni berkata, "Dia seorang yang lemah". Ibnu Ma'in berkata, "Dia seorang yang tidak boleh dipercayai". Murrah berkata, "Dia seorang yang tidak bernilai", dan Ibnu 'Adiy berkata, "Dia adalah seorang Syi'ah, pereka cerita ".(Mizanul I'tidal juz 3 hal 419)Begitulah juga keadaan perawi-perawi yang lain bagi peristiwa tersebut. Riwayat-riwayat mereka langsung tidak ada nilainya di sisi ulamak-ulamak ilmu rijal. Untuk mengetahui kedudukan mereka boleh dirujuk kitab-kitab rijal seperti Lisanul Mizan, Mizanul I'tidal, Al-jarh Wat-Ta'dil, Adh-Dhu'afaa Ibni 'Adiy, Adh-Dhu'afaa Lin Nasaie dan lain-lain lagi.
Di satu sudut lain pula di dalam kitab-kitab sejarah, catatannya adalah berlainan dari apa yang tersebar dalam masyarakat umat Islam umumnya. Antaranya apa yang dikemukakan oleh Ibnu Kathir bahawasanya bilamana Muhammad bin Ali Al-Hanafiah (anak Ali r.a.) diajak supaya memberontak terhadap Yazid maka beliau berkata, "Sesungguhnya saya telah datang menemuinya dan tinggal bersamanya beberapa lama maka saya dapati ia seorang yang kuat menjaga solat, suka kepada kebaikan, selalu bertanya tentang masalah feqah dan berpegang teguh kepada sunnah. (Al-Bidayah Wan Nihayah jilid 8 hal. 233).Sejarawan Al-Baladhzuri telah mengemukakan satu riwayat bahawa Amir bin Mas'ud Al-Jumahi berkata,"Ketika saya berada di Makkah, datang seorang membawa berita tentang kematian Mu'awiyah r.a.. Kami pun bangun dan pergi menemui Ibnu Abbas r.a. yang ketika itu juga berada di Makkah, di samping beliau ada beberapa orang sedang duduk. Hamparan hidangan sudahpun dibuka tetapi makanan belum lagi dihidangkan pada ketika itu. Maka kamipun berkata kepadanya, "Hai Ibnu Abbas! Utusan datang membawa berita kematian Mu'awiyah. Mendengar berita itu beliau terdiam beberapa lama. Kemudian beliau pun berkata, "Ya Allah! Perluaskanlah rahmat untuk Mu'awiyah. Demi Allah, bukanlah dia sama seperti orang-orang sebelumnya dan tidaklah pula akan datang sesudahnya orang sepertinya. Sesungguhnya anaknya Yazid adalah salah seorang yang soleh dari ahli keluarganya. Oleh itu hendaklah kamu berada di tempat masing-masing dan serahkan ketaatan dan bai'ah kamu kepadanya". (Ansabul Ashraf jilid 2 hal 2).Imam Ali Zainal Abidin walaupun pernah beberapa lama bersama dengan Yazid selepas kesyahidan ayahnya Husain r.a. serta keluarganya di Karbala namun tidak ada satupun riwayat daripada beliau yang menyebutkan bahawa Yazid ada melakukan perkara-perkara buruk seperti minum arak, meninggalkan solat bahkan beliau adalah orang yang memberikan taat setia kepada Yazid sehingga enggan untuk turut sama dalam pemberontakan terhadap Yazid selepas itu. (Mawaqiful Mu'aradhah hal.383)Antara sahabat agung yang pernah bersama Yazid adalah Nu'man bin Basyir dan Abdullah bin Jaafar bin Abi Talib r.a. Mereka berdua juga tidak pernah menyebutkan bahawa Yazid melakukan amalan-amalan maksiat tersebut sebagaimana yang disebarkan oleh orang-orang seperti Abu Mikhnaf.Kitab-kitab sejarah juga menggambarkan kesetiaan sahabat-sahabat r.a. yang masih hidup kepada kepimpinan Yazid dan keengganan mereka untuk memberontak terhadap Yazid walaupun didorong supaya berbuat demikian bahkan lebih dari itu mereka memberi nasihat pula kepada golongan yang ingin memberontak termasuk kepada Husain r.a. sendiri. Antara mereka adalah Abu Sa'id Al Khudri, Jabir bin Abdullah, Ibnu Umar, Ibnu Abbas, Abu Waqid Al-Laithi r.a. dan lain-lain lagi.(lihat Al-Bidayah Wan Nihayah jilid 8 hal 176, Tarikh Thabari jilid 4 hal 254 dan 288).Apabila kelihatan dua kenyataan sejarah berkenaan dengan Yazid yang saling bercanggah, bagaimanakah cara untuk mengkompromikannya? Bagi Ahlus Sunnah Wal Jamaah sepatutnya tidak melupakan catatan sejarah di dalam kitab paling sahih di sisi mereka selepas Al-Quran di mana Imam Bukhari mengemukakan satu riwayat daripada Ibnu Abi Nu'min bahawa dia berkata, "Aku mendengar Ibnu Umar r.a. ditanya oleh seseorang (penduduk Iraq) tentang seorang yang memakai ihram lalu dia membunuh lalat (apakah dendanya)? Lantas Ibnu Umar r.a. menjawab, penduduk Iraq bertanyakan tentang (denda) membunuh lalat? Sedangkan mereka telah membunuh anak lelaki kepada anak perempuan (cucu) Rasulullah s.a.w.". (Sahih Al-Bukhari, Kitabul Manaqib jilid 1 hal. 531).Bukankah jelas di dalam riwayat ini Ibnu Umar r.a. mengisyaratkan bahawa pembunuh cucu Rasulullah s.a.w. itu adalah penduduk Kufah? Jadi mana-mana riwayat yang bertepatan dengan isyarat di dalam riwayat sahih ini maka ia menjadi penguat kepada riwayat tersebut dan sebaliknya mana-mana riwayat yang bertentangan dengan riwayat yang sahih maka ia tidak boleh diterima lagi.Kerana itu ulama Ahlus Sunnah ada di antaranya dengan jelas mengatakan bahawa pembunuh Sayyidina Husain r.a. yang sebenarnya bukanlah Yazid. Antaranya Imam Al-Ghazali di dalam kitabnya Ihya' Ulumiddin mengatakan, "Sesungguhnya tidak terbukti sama sekali bahawa Yazid yang membunuh Husain r.a. Kerana itu tidak harus untuk dikatakan bahawa beliaulah yang membunuh Husain r.a. ataupun yang memerintahkannya, apatah lagi untuk melaknatnya kerana tidak harus menisbahkan seseorang muslim kepada suatu dosa besar tanpa sebarang kepastian". (Ihya' Ulumiddin jilid 3 hal 134)Ibnus Solah mengatakan, "Tidak sahih di sisi kita bahawa Yazid telah memerintahkan supaya Husain r.a. dibunuh". (Fatawa Wa Masaail Ibnus Solah jilid 1 hal 216).Ibnu Hajar sendiri selepas mengemukakan hadis berkenaan tentera yang mula-mula merentasi lautan berkata, "Imam Muhallab berkata, Hadis ini menunjukkan kedudukan yang mulia untuk Mu'awiyah r.a. kerana dialah orang yang mula-mula berperang merentasi lautan dan juga kedudukan mulia anaknya Yazid kerana dialah orang yang mula-mula memerangi Bandar Qaisar". (Fathul Bari jilid 6 hal. 114)Bahkan Imam Ibnu Kathir selepas mengemukakan riwayat-riwayat sejarah tersebut telah membuat komentar dengan katanya," Syi'ah Rafidhah telah melakukan banyak pembohongan dan membawa khabar-khabar yang tidak benar sama sekali di dalam cerita-cerita kesyahidan Husain r.a.. Kisah-kisah yang telah dikemukakan sudahpun memadai. Kalaulah tidak kerana imam-imam sejarah seperti Ibnu Jarir At-Thabari dan lain-lain menyebutkannya tentu sekali saya juga tidak akan mengemukakannya. Kebanyakannya adalah melalui riwayat Abu Mikhnaf Lut bin Yahya sedangkan dia adalah seorang Syi'ah dan dia adalah seorang yang lemah dalam periwayatan menurut tokoh-tokoh sejarah. (Al-Bidayah Wan Nihayah jilid 8 hal. 220)Bagi golongan Syi'ah pula sepatutnya tidak lupa untuk mengkaji catatan ulama-ulama muktabar di dalam kitab-kitab utama pegangan mereka. Umpamanya di dalam Al-Ihtijaj 'Ala Ahlil Lajaj, Ahmad bin Ali bin Abi Talib At-Thabarsi menulis bahawa Imam Ali Zainal Abidin anak Sayyidina Husain r.a. yang ikut serta dalam rombongan Husain r.a. ke Kufah telah berkata kepada penduduk Kufah, "Wahai manusia (orang-orang Kufah)! Dengan Nama Allah aku bersumpah untuk bertanya kamu, ceritakanlah! Tidakkah kamu sedar bahawasanya kamu mengutuskan surat kepada ayahku (menjemputnya datang), kemudian kamu menipunya? Bukankah kamu telah memberikan perjanjian taat setia kamu kepadanya? Kemudian kamu membunuhnya, membiarkannya dihina. Celakalah kamu kerana amalan buruk yang telah kamu lakukan untuk dirimu".(Al-Ihtijaj juz 2 hal. 306)Pada halaman sebelumnya At-Thabarsi mengemukakan kata-kata Fatimah As-Shughra anak perempuan Sayyidina Husain r.a. kepada penduduk Kufah, "Wahai Penduduk Kufah, wahai pembelot dan pengkhianat! Kami adalah Ahlul Bait yang Allah Ta'ala menguji kami dengan kamu dan menguji kamu dengan kami," seterusnya selepas memuji-muji kedudukan Ahlul Bait beliau berkata lagi, "Kamu telah membunuh kami dan merampas harta benda kami sebagaimana kamu telah membunuh datuk kami Ali r.a.. Pedang-pedang kamu sentiasa menitiskan darah-darah kami Ahlul Bait".(Al-Ihtijaj juz 2 hal 302).Mulla Baqir Al-Majlisi yang diberikan gelaran Khatimatul Muhaddithin (penyudah kepada ahli-ahli hadis) di sisi Syi'ah menukilkan kata-kata Sayyidina Husain r.a. kepada Syi'ah Kufah yang telah bersiap untuk bertempur dengan beliau,"Wahai orang-orang Kufah! Semoga kamu dilaknat sebagaimana dilaknat maksud- maksud jahatmu. Wahai orang-orang yang curang, zalim dan pengkhianat! Kamu telah menjemput kami untuk membela kamu di waktu kesempitan tetapi bila kami datang untuk memimpin dan membela kamu dengan menaruh kepercayaan kepadamu maka sekarang kamu hunuskan pedang dendammu kepada kami dan kamu membantu musuh-musuh dalam menentang kami".(Jilaau Al' Uyun,hal 391).Di dalam kitab A'yanus Syi'ah pengarangnya Sayyid Muhsin Al-Amin mengatakan bahawa "seramai dua puluh ribu penduduk Iraq telah berbai'ah kepada Husain kemudian mereka mengkhianatinya lalu memberontak terhadapnya dalam keadaan bai'ah masih lagi berada di tengkuk-tengkuk mereka dan membunuhnya".(A'yanus Syi'ah jilid 1 hal 34).Dan banyak lagi kitab-kitab Syi'ah menukilkan perkara yang sama seperti Al-Irsyad Syeikh Mufid hal. 234, I'lamul Wara hal. 242, Kasyful Ghummah jilid 2 hal 18 dan lain-lain lagi.Berdasarkan kepada segala fakta yang dikemukakan di atas dapatlah disimpulkan bahawa segala cerita berkenaan kezaliman Yazid dan tenteranya tidak lebih daripada dongengan yang datangnya dari kilang-kilang Syi'ah terutamanya Abu Mikhnaf Lut bin Yahya. Kerana itulah tidak akan ditemui riwayat-riwayat tersebut di dalam mana-mana kitab bertaraf sahih di sisi Ahli Sunnah Wal Jamaah. Riwayat sahih yang ada sebagaimana yang telah dikemukakan sebelum ini begitu jelas bertentangan dengan apa yang terdapat di dalam kitab-kitab sejarah. Bahkan kalau dikaji apa yang terdapat di dalam kitab-kitab Syi'ah yang merupakan rujukan utama mereka seperti Al-Ihtijaj, Al-Irsyad dan lain-lain akan didapati perkara sebaliknya iaitu pembunuh Husain yang sebenar adalah penduduk Kufah yang terkenal sebagai golongan Syi'ahUpacara 10 MuharramSetiap tahun tanggal 10 Muharram penganut-penganut Syi'ah akan mengadakan upacara pengkabungan kononnya sebagai tanda memperingati kematian Imam Husain. Mereka akan mengadakan pelbagai upacara seperti menampar-nampar muka dan dada, menyiksa diri dengan melukakan tubuh serta kepala dengan pisau-pisau kecil bahkan ada yang menggunakan pedang sehingga tubuh dibasahi darah. Di samping itu seorang dari kalangan mereka yang di gelari dengan nama "Zakir Husain" akan mengumandangkan syair-syair ratapan menceritakan penderitaan Ahlul Bait Rasulullah s.a.w. dan kezaliman yang dilakukan terhadap mereka diselangi dengan caci maki terhadap Bani Umayyah dan sahabat-sahabat Rasulullah s.a.w. yang dianggap mereka sebagai perampas hak Ahlul Bait.Namun begitu apakah amalan tersebut merupakan ajaran Imam-imam yang dianggap maksum oleh mereka? Jawapannya akan ditemui setelah ditinjau dari perspektif ajaran Ahlus Sunnah dan Syi'ah.Ahlus Sunnah sepakat bahawa amalan tersebut merupakan amalan jahiliyyah dan diharamkan berdasarkan kepada hadis daripada Rasulullah s.a.w. Imam Bukhari dan Muslim telah meriwayatkan hadis daripada Ibnu Mas'ud r.a. bahawa Nabi s.a.w. telah bersabda, "Bukan dari kalangan kami orang yang memukul-mukul pipi, mengoyak-ngoyak kolar baju dan menyeru dengan seruan jahiliyyah."(Sahih Bukhari Kitabul Janaaiz dan Muslim Kitabul Iman). Dalam hadis lain yang diriwayatkan oleh Abu Malik Al-Asy'ari bahawa Rasulullah s.a.w. telah bersabda." Meratap adalah termasuk dari amalan jahiliyyah, orang yang meratap bilamana dia meninggal dunia dalam keadaan tidak sempat bertaubat, Allah akan memakaikan kepadanya pakaian dari minyak tar (yang panas) dan baju dari nyalaan api neraka".(Sunan Ibnu Majah bab larangan dari meratap).Dua hadis yang tersebut di atas membuktikan bahawa amalan tersebut dilarang oleh Rasulullah s.a.w. dengan disertai janji azab di hari kiamat kelak bagi orang yang melakukannya. Kerana itu tidak ada ulama dari kalangan Ahlus Sunnah yang mengharuskannya apa lagi untuk melakukannya serta menjadikannya sebagai satu syiar.Akan tetapi ada di kalangan ulama Syi'ah mengharuskan amalan tersebut. Di antara mereka Ayatullah Al-Uzma Jawad At-Tibrizi mengatakan, "Syi'ah pada zaman Imam-imam a.s. hidup dalam keadaan taqiyyah (menyembunyikan pegangan mereka serta menyatakan tidak sebagaimana yang dianuti). Oleh itu tidak terdapatnya syiar-syiar sebegini pada zaman mereka bukan menunjukkan amalan tersebut tidak di syariatkan untuk zaman ini. Andaikata Syi'ah pada zaman mereka hidup di zaman ini sudah tentu mereka akan melakukan sebagaimana yang kita lakukan ini seperti menaikkan bendera-bendera hitam dalam menghidupkan upacara mengingati Imam Husain begitu juga di rumah-rumah untuk menyatakan kesedihan".(Lampiran Siratun Najah Imam Khu’ie jilid 2 hal 562 soalan 1741).Daripada fatwa yang dinyatakan oleh At-Tibrizi tersebut timbul satu persoalan, "Bukankah Imam Maksum menyuruh supaya kamu menyembunyikan agama kamu kerana ianya membawa kepada kemulian sebagaimana yang diriwayatkan oleh Al-Kulaini di dalam kitab paling sahih di sisi Syi'ah iaitu Al-Kafi daripada Imam Jaa'far As-Sadiq a.s. bahawa ia berkata kepada Sulaiman bin Khalid, "Sesungguhnya kamu berada di atas agama yang mana sesiapa yang menyembunyikannya akan dimuliakan oleh Allah dan sesiapa yang menzahirkannya akan dihina oleh Allah. (Al-Kafi jilid 2 hal 223)Berdasarkan kepada dua hadis melalui riwayat Ahlus Sunnah dan fatwa daripada At-Tibrizi di atas, berlaku pertembungan antara Ahlus Sunnah dan Syi'ah dalam persoalan berkaitan ratapan dan perkabungan ini. Bagaimana pula pendapat Imam-imam Ahlul Bait? Apakah ianya bertepatan dengan apa yang diamalkan oleh penganut Syi'ah sekarang atau sebaliknya? Untuk mengetahui pegangan mereka perlulah dilakukan kajian berdasarkan kitab-kitab muktabar Syi'ah sendiri.Di dalam Nahjul Balaghah, Syarif Radhi mengemukakan kata-kata Sayyidina Ali r.a. yang bermaksud,"Sesiapa yang memukul tangannya ke atas pahanya ketika ditimpa musibah maka binasalah amalannya".(Nahjul Balaghah juz 4 hal. 34). Al-Kulaini juga mengemukakan kata-kata yang sama daripada Imam Jaa'far As-Sadiq.(Al-Kafi jilid 3 hal 225). Sayyidina Ali r.a. juga menghubungkan amalan tersebut dengan amalan jahiliyyah sebagaimana yang dinukilkan oleh Mulla Baqir Al-Majlisi dengan katanya,"Tiga perkara termasuk dari amalan jahiliyyah di mana manusia melakukannya secara berterusan, memohon hujan dengan bintang, mencela keturunan orang lain dan meratapi kematian seseorang."(Biharul Anwar jilid 82 hal 101). Ibnu Babuwaih Al-Qummi yang digelarkan dengan As-Saduq (seorang yang sangat benar) menyebutkan bahawa antara ucapan Rasulullah s.a.w. ialah "Meratap termasuk dari amalan Jahiliyyah".(Man Laa Yahdhurul Faqih jilid 4 hal 271). Di tempat yang lain beliau menukilkan kata-kata Imam Ali yang bermaksud,"Jangan memakai pakaian hitam kerana ia adalah pakaian Fir'aun". (ibid hal 51)Apa yang dikemukakan diatas merupakan sebahagian riwayat daripada Imam-imam Ahlul Bait yang jelas mengeluarkan amalan tersebut daripada ajaran Islam. Bahkan jika dinilai amalan tersebut ianya langsung tidak bersesuaian dengan agama Islam yang suci dan fitrah manusia. Fitrah yang suci sudah pasti tidak akan dapat menerima sesuatu amalan yang mendatangkan siksaan serta kesakitan kepada tubuh badan sebagai satu ajaran agama yang suci.Kalau begitu apakah maksud sebenar penganut Syi'ah mengadakan upacara-upacara tersebut? Amalan tersebut jika diteliti dari pelbagai sudut sekalipun tidak mendatangkan sebarang kebaikan bahkan mendatangkan keburukan dan kesakitan pula di samping membuang masa serta berlakunya pembaziran. Apakah dengan upacara tersebut penganut Syi'ah akan dapat mengheret pembunuh Sayyidina Husain serta dapat menghalang Imam mereka daripada dibunuh? Sayyidina Husain r.a. sudahpun mendapat kemulian syahid dan sudah pasti ia berada di Syurga sebagaimana sabda Nabi s.a.w. bahawa dia adalah salah seorang penghulu pemuda syurga. Begitu juga yang pasti pembunuhnya sudahpun mendapat pembalasan dari Allah Ta'ala di samping menunggu balasan yang lebih dahsyat lagi andaikata tidak sempat bertaubat sebelum kematiannya.Di samping itu apakah maksud mereka mengungkapkan caci maki terhadap Bani Umayyah di dalam upacara tersebut? Bukankah Allah Ta'ala memerintahkan supaya mendoakan keampunan kepada orang-orang yang meninggal dunia dalam keadaan beriman. Andaikata penganut Syi'ah mengatakan maksud mereka adalah untuk mengenang perjuangan yang dilakukan umat terdahulu serta membangkitkan semangat penentangan terhadap golongan yang melakukan kezaliman terhadap umat Islam terutamanya Ahlul Bait, kenapa tidak dilakukan ratapan terhadap kesyahidan abangnya Hasan atau ayahnya Ali r.a?. Sedangkan Sayyidina Ali syahid di tangan golongan yang di terima sebagai sesat oleh Ahlus Sunnah dan Syi'ah. Apakah kesyahidan Husain r.a. adalah lebih besar lagi daripada ayahnya?. Ataupun mengapa tidak dilakukan perkabungan ke atas Hamzah r.a. bapa saudara Nabi s.a.w. yang syahid di tangan musuh Islam dalam peperangan bersama Rasulullah s.a.w.? Atau mengapa tidak perkabungan di atas kematian Rasulullah s.a.w. sendiri?Jawapannya adalah dengan meneliti amalan yang dilakukan dalam upacara perkabungan tersebut. Antaranya menggembar-gemburkan kezaliman serta kekejaman yang dilakukan Yazid dan tenteranya terhadap Sayyidina Husain r.a. dan keluarganya dalam keadaan dunia sudahpun mengakui bahawa Yazid adalah seorang pemimpin bagi Umat Islam dari kalangan Ahlus Sunnah Wal Jamaah.Kalaulah tujuan dibangkitkan dan dikemukakan sejarah kekejaman dan kezaliman yang dilakukan oleh Yahudi baik dahulu dan kini adalah dengan maksud untuk membangkitkan kebencian terhadap mereka di samping keinginan untuk membalas dendam terhadap mereka, maka tidak salah untuk mengatakan maksud mengadakan upacara perkabungan terhadap Sayyidina Husain r.a. dengan mengulangi sebutan kezaliman Yazid dan Bani Umayyah adalah dengan tujuan serta maksud yang sama terhadap golongan Ahlus Sunnah Wal Jamaah.

sejarah Pas 1

Oleh ibnuhasyim

"PAS adalah singkatan dari Parti Islam Se Malaysia. Perjuangan PAS adalah kesinambungan dari perjuangan para Rasul dan Nabi-nabi. Bermula dari Adam AS (Alaihi Wassallam) hingga ke Nabi terakhir Muhammad SAW (Sallallahu Alaihi Wasallam). Disambung oleh khalifah-khalifah Ar-Rasyidin Abu Bakar RA (Radiyallahu An), Umar RA, Uthman RA, Ali RA, Khalifah-khalifah Bani Umayah, Bani Abasiah dan yang terakhir sekali kerajaan Uthmaniah di Turki.
Maka ulama-ulama pewaris para Nabi memegang amanah dan meneruskan perjuangan tersebut. Perjuangan PAS yang bertolak dari kalimat ‘La Ilaha Illallah’ secara seluruhannya berdasarkan kepada Al-Qur’an, As-sunnah dan tokoh-tokoh Khulafa Ar-Rasyidin. As-syahid Sayyid Qutb, dalam bukunya ‘Mu’allim Fit-thariq’ menyebutkan: “... Tamaddun insan akan terjadi apabila hakimiah yang tertinggi dalam masyarakat itu diletakkan kepada Allah SWT (Subhanahu Wa Taala) semata-mata, tanpa wujudnya pengabdian atau ketaatan kepada selain daripadaNya.” Di sinilah titik-titik pertemuan dalam perjuangan antara PAS dengan gerakan-gerakan Islam lain. Sehingga golongan-golongan beraliran seperti ini sering dicop atau dilebelkan ‘fundamentalis’. Contohnya, gerakan Ikhwanul Muslimin di Mesir, Jamaat Islami di Pakistan, Masyumi di Indonesia dan lain-lain. Begitu juga fahaman Islam melalui gerakan pembaharuan Islam sejagat dengan arus menentang dan membebaskan diri dari penjajahan barat ke atas negara umat Islam.Antaranya adalah ulama tiga serangkai Syed Jamaliddin Al-Afghani dan muridnya Syeikh Muhammad Abduh, serta Syed Rasyid Ridha di Asia Barat. Gerakan mereka melalui majalah ‘Al-Manar’ diterbitkan di Kaherah yang mengandungi makalah islah dalam bidang agama dan sosial. Begitu juga majalah ‘Al-Urwatul Wuthqa’ diterbitkan di Paris, yang banyak membincangkan isu-isu penjajahan. Gerakan islah mereka juga telah berjaya mendapat tempat di hati pelajar-pelajar Melayu di Timur Tengah, terutamanya dari Universiti Al-Azhar. Pelajar-pelajar tersebut termasuk dari Indonesia telah menubuhkan persatuan dan menerbitkan akhbar ‘Seruan Al-Azhar’. Pengaruh ulama tiga serangkai tersebut mula merembas masuk ke Tanah Melayu pada awal kurun ke 20 berpusat di Singapura, Melaka dan Pulau Pinang. Angkatan pembaharuan ini telah muncul tahun 1906, dengan menerbitkan majalah ‘Al-Imam’ di Singapura. Tahun 1926 terbit pula majalah ‘Al-Ikhwan’. Tahun 1925 akhbar ‘Edaran Zaman’ dan ‘Saudara’ pada tahun 1928. Semuanya terbit di Pulau Pinang. Angkatan tersebut dipimpin oleh Syeikh Mohd Tahir Jalaluddin, Syed Syeikh Al-Hadi dan Haji Abbas Taha. Mereka berpendapat antaranya: “Kelemahan umat Islam itu adalah disebabkan oleh penganut-penganutnya tidak mengikuti ajaran-ajaran Islam yang betul, sebagaimana terkandung di dalam Al-Qur’an dan Al-Hadith.” Bukan itu sahaja, golongan reformasi ini telah berjaya menyedarkan masyarakat Melayu tentang betapa pentingnya menghapuskan penjajah barat bagi mewujudkan sebuah negara Islam yang merdeka. Mereka juga dikatakan berjaya mencetuskan revolusi intelektual di kalangan masyarakat Melayu yang akhirnya menubuhkan beberapa kesatuan bagi memajukan bangsa Melayu dan umat Islam pada tahun-tahun berikutnya. Persatuan Melayu pertama bercorak politik secara nyata ditubuhkan di negara ini ialah Kesatuan Melayu Muda (KMM) pimpinan lbrahim Haji Yaakob. la ditubuhkan pada Mei 1937. Kesatuan ini ditubuhkan atas kesedaran mahu memperjuangkan kemerdekaan negara serta membebaskan Tanah Melayu daripada terus ditindas dan dijajah oleh penjajah British. Malangnya, kesatuan ini tidak dapat bertahan lama kerana ia telah diharamkan oleh Jepun semasa Jepun menguasai Tanah Melayu pada tahun 1941-1945. Selepas tamatnya Perang Dunia Kedua, sebuah parti politik baru Melayu dibentuk, iaitu Parti Kebangsaan Melayu Malaya (PKMM) atau disebut juga Malay Nationalist Party (MNF). la ditubuhkan pada 17 Oktober 1945 di Ipoh, Perak. Pemimpin awalnya ialah Mokhtaruddin Lasso, yang kemudiannya berpindah tangan kepada Dr. Burhanuddin Al-Helmi dan Ishak Haji Muhammad. Dr Burhanuddin Al-Helmi adalah seorang tokoh agama yang mampu menguasai bahasa Arab dan lnggeris disamping bahasa Melayu. PKMM telah mengisytiharkan matlamatnya untuk mencapai kemerdekaan negara secara penuh. Dr. Burhanuddin banyak berkorban untuk PKMM dan beliau mendapat kepercayaan golongan agama untuk menyertai gerakan politik bagi menentang penjajah. PKMM telah berjaya perluaskan pengaruhnya dalam masyarakat Melayu sehingga ia berjaya menubuhkan pula beberapa sayap atau bahagian dalam struktur organisasinya. Selain Angkatan Pemuda Insaf (API), Angkatan Wanita Sedar (AWAS) dan Barisan Tani Se-Malaya (BATAS), Majlis Agama Tertingga Se-Malaya (MATA) juga merupakan antara sayap atau bahagian dalam struktur organisasi PKMM. MATA merupakan bahagian agama parti berkenaan. N.J.Funston menyebutkan, tujuan utama penubuhan MATA adalah untuk mengekalkan pengawalan hal ehwal Islam oleh mana-mana pihak. Di dalam persidangannya, telah diisytiharkan tentang pemisahan hal-hal agama dari dikawal oleh mana-mana negeri secara persendirian. Mereka berpendapat, sultan-sultan tidak cekap membuat keputusan dalam hal-hal agama. Kongres telah mendesak supaya kuasa yang berkaitan dengan agama diserahkan kepada MATA . N.J.Funston. -Malay Politics In Malaysia: A Study of UMNO and PAS, Kuala Lumpur. Melalui MATA dalam satu mesyuarat agung tahunannya telah berjaya melahirkan ‘Hizbul Muslimin’ pada 14 Mac 1948, di Sekolah Agama Al-Ihya As-Syarif, Gunung Semanggul Perak. Tujuan PKMM melahirkan Hizbul Muslimin sebagai sayapnya adalah bagi mengumpulkan tenaga para ulama. Maka lahirlah sebuah parti Islam pertama di negara ini! Matlamat utama ditubuhkan:
Untuk mencapai kemerdekaan.
Membina sebuah masyarakat yang berasaskan kepada kefahaman Islam.
Untuk mendirikan sebuah negara Islam atau Darul Islam. Bagi mencapai ketiga-tiga matlamat ini, Hizbul Muslimin telah mengemukakan 7 lagi objektif.
Untuk menimbulkan prinsip kesedaran politik di kalangan orang-orang Islam di Malaya.
Untuk menyatupadukan umat Islam di bawah satu ideologi.
Untuk menyokong kebebasan cetak, bersidang dan bersuara.
Untuk menambah jumlah sekolah dan menyediakan jenis pendidikan menurut keinginan masyarakat pada waktu itu.
Untuk mempertingkatkan akhlak orang-orang Melayu.
Secara amnya, untuk menjaga kebajikan dan kedudukan ekonomi orang-orang Melayu.
Tambahan pula ia sedia berkerjasama dengan parti-parti politik dan pergerakan Islam dari luar negeri. Hizbul Muslimin atau Hamim dipimpin oleh antaranya:
Ketua Umum – Ustaz Abu Bakar Al-Baqir.
Naibnya - Ir.Haji Ariffin Alias dari Johor Bahru.
Setiausaha - Ustaz Uthman Hamzah.
Cik Gu Muhammad Daud Jamil dari Kelantan.
4 orang wakil :
Ustaz Yahaya bin Abdullah selaku ketua.
Ustaz Harun Fahmi Taib.
Ustaz Baharudin Latif.
Ustaz Uthman Hamzah. Dalam pendiriannya, Hizbul Muslimin menyokong PKMM tetapi sekeras-kerasnya menolak perjuangan UMNO. Bagaimanapun, riwayat hidup Hizbul Muslimin berakhir pada Ogos 1948 apabila British bertindak mengharamkannya disamping menahan seramai tujuh orang pucuk pimpinannya, termasuklah Ustaz Abu Bakar Al-Baqir sendiri di bawah Undang-undang Darurat atau Emergency Regulations. Rupanya penyekatan, penekanan dan pengempangan ke atas arus kebangkitan Islam yang tidak dapat dibendung itu, secara tidak langsung membantu dan menambahkan lagi semangat untuk wujudnya parti Islam yang lain. Keghairahan sokongan rakyat khususnya dari alim ulama terhadap perjuangan politiknya amatlah memberangsangkan. Semangat dan sokongan kental inilah yang akhirnya merintis jalan mudah ke arah penubuhan PAS seterusnya. Ada juga ahli sejarah berpendapat penghargaan dan pengiktirafan perlu dihulurkan kepada Ustaz Abu Bakar Al-Baqir, pemimpin MATA dan seterusnya Hizbul Muslimin, kerana mereka telah menggarap sebahagian besar dari ground work yang melebarkan persekitaran untuk memudahkan penubuhan PAS. Peranan Hizbul Muslimin dalam penubuhan PAS lebih tertonjol lagi apabila sebahagian besar dari bekas pucuk pimpinannya turut menyertai PAS dan memainkan peranan secara aktif. Mereka antaranya termasuklah Ustaz Othman Hamzah yang pernah memegang beberapa jawatan penting dalam PAS, dan pernah berkhidmat sepenuh masa hingga ke akhir hayat dengan PAS. Begitu juga Ustaz Baharuddin Abd. Latiff, Tuan Haji Khaider Khatib dan Ustaz Yunus Haji Yatimi. Juga dikatakan besar kemungkinan Bahagian Agama UMNO yang dipimpin oleh Ustaz Ahmad Fuad Hassan turut diresapi dengan pengaruh Hizbul Muslimin ini. Tambahan lagi ramai pemimpin agama dalam UMNO ketika itu kecewa dengan pucuk pimpinan mereka yang bercadang untuk menaja perjudian (loteri). Pegerakan reformasi ini dikatakan amat berpengaruh dalam masyarakat dan boleh menggugat pihak penjajah British pada waktu itu dan masa mendatang. Tuduhan ‘bahaya dari gunung’ atau ‘Red Islamic Party’ oleh Datuk Onn Jaafar tokoh UMNO, parti yang dibenarkan dan dibelai oleh penjajah waktu itu, adalah sebagai buktinya. Apalagi bila kita melihat kepada kepada ‘janji Allah’ pada firman-firman di bawah ini... - ‘Dan ketahuilah, bahawa sesungguhnya parti Allah itulah yang mencapai kemenangan.’ Surah Al-Mujadalah ayat 22.- ‘Kami menjadikan kamu khalifah di muka bumi.’ Surah Yunus ayat 14- ‘Kalau kamu menolong (agama) Allah, nescaya Allah akan menolong kamu.’ Surah Muhammad ayat 7.- ‘Mereka mahu memadamkan cahaya (agama) Allah dengan mulut (ucapan) mereka, dan Allah tidak mahu selain menyempurnakan cahayaNya, walaupun orang-orang kafir itu tidak menyukai. Dia yang telah mengutuskan RasulNya (dengan membawa) petunjuk (Al-Qur’an) dan agama yang benar, untuk dimenangkannya atas segala agama, walaupun orang-orang musyrik tidak suka.’ At-taubah ayat 32 & 33.
Maka bertambah lagi semangat ulama-ulama tersebut untuk menubuhkan parti Islam.

Thursday, April 03, 2008

Mencadangkan Anwar Ibrahim ke dalam Umno.

Mahathir menunjukkan sikap yang tidak baik kepada ahli Umno dan rakyat Malaysia amnya.Dimana demokrasi yang sering mereka laungkan..?jelas sekali mereka berpolitik mengikut kepentingan peribadi dan sama sekali menolak suara akar umbi seperti ketua pemuda ini.

Monday, March 31, 2008

Punca hati menjadi keras:ekonomi

أسباب قسوة القلب؛ اقتصادياً
أسباب قسوة القلب؛ اقتصادياًالجمعة 22/جمادى الأولى/1425 هـكما أن الشجرة إن سقاها ورعاها صاحبها نمت وأثمرت، وإن تركها ذبلت ويبست؛ كذلك الإيمان إذا حافظ الإنسان على عوامله تعمق وتجذر، ونمى وأثمر، وإلا خبا ضوؤه وصار إلى النقصان.وذكر الله هو وسيلة نمو الإيمان في النفس: إذا تساقطت عنها الحجب وخشعت، أما إذا قست وتكلست لا تنتفع بالذكر، كما لا تنتفع الشجرة اليابسة بالماء ولو كان عذباً فراتاً.ولذلك يحذر الله المؤمنين من قسوة القلب، ويعاتبهم على عدم خشوعهم لذكره وللحق، فيقول: ألم يأن للذين آمنوا أن تخشع قلوبهم لذكر الله وما نزل من الحق.ومن أسباب قسوة القلب من الناحية الاقتصادية والمادية: حب الدنيا، والتعلق بها، والتشبث بها، والحرص على ما فيها؛ فمن الطعام أطيبه، ومن الثياب أجدها، ومن المساكن أوسعها، ومن السيارات أحدثها، ويعيش في دوامة التجديد والتطوير، والتشكيل والتنويع، كل يوم أو كل أسبوع جهاز هاتف (موبايل جديد)، وكل شهر أو كل سنة سيارة جديدة، وكل سنة أو كل خمس سنين بيت جديد.ومن الحرص على الدنيا وملذاتها: البحث عن المناصب، والسعي إلى تقلد مراكزها، وقد كره رسول الله  التطلع للمسؤولية والبحث عن المناصب، إذ قال: لا تأمرن على اثنينومن أسباب قسوة القلب: أنه كلما تقدم الإنسان في السن كان أحرص على المال وجمعه، وأرغب في الحصول عليه وكنـزه، وفي حديث رسول الله : "يهرم ابن آدم وتشب منه اثنتان: الحرص على المال، والحرص على العمر"(رواه مسلم).فتراه يلهث وراء المال ويسعى إلى اكتسابه؛ ليلا ًونهاراً، وفي كل أوقاته وأحيانه، ولو على حساب دينه وأخلاقه، يقول رسول الله  محذراً من الحرص على حب المال: "لو كان لابن آدم واديان من مال لابتغى ثالثاً، ولا يملأ جوف ابنِ آدم إلا التراب"(رواه مسلم).مع أن حب المال فطرة إنسانية، وغريزة بشرية، كما قال تعالى: وإنه (الإنسان) لحب الخير (المال) لشديد، ولكن المذموم أن تكون الدنيا هي الهم والاهتمام، والشغل والانشغال.ومن أسباب قسوة القلب: أكل الحرام، وما أدراك ما أكل الحرام، فقد تعددت صوره، وتنوعت أشكاله، وتزينت أفعاله، وأكل الحرام يشمل:أكل أموال الناس بالباطل، عن طريق البيع والشراء؛ غشاً في الأفعال، وتدليساً في الصفات، وزوراً وكذباً وبهتاناً في الأقوال، حتى عدت الشطارة في أن الزبون إذا دخل فعليك أن تجعله يشتري؛ بأي شكل من الأشكال؛ ولو بالخداع والمواربة، والتحايل والملاعبة، وتردد على ألسنة الباعة والتجار: التجارة شطارة، والشَّاطِرُ هو: الذي أَعْيا أَهله ومُؤَدِّبَه خُبْثاً، والأصح أن نقول فن ومهارة.ومن أسباب قسوة القلب: الأرباح الزائدة والفاحشة، بالضعف والضعفين، وأكثر لدى البعض، بل والأرقام الخيالية والفلكية التي يحلم أن يحققها في ليلة وضحاها، أو في صفقة وأختها؛ غير مبالٍ بالمستهلكين، وأصحاب الدخل المحدود، أو المفقود.ومن أخطر أنواع التدليس ما يعرض في الدعايات ويزين في المحلات مما يغري المستهلكين في شراء ما لا يحتاجون إليه، بدافع الرغبة في حب التقليد، والظهور بمظهر المتابعين للجديد.ولا يقتصر الأمر على أصحاب التجارة والبيع، بل ينطبق ذلك على الصناع وأصحاب الحرف والمهن، المسوفون في أقوالهم، والمتراخون في إنجاز أعمالهم، الطامعون في أموال غيرهم، وهم الذين قال فيهم رسول الله : "ويل للصناع؛ من: غداً، وبعد غدٍ".وأما ما يخص أفراد المجتمع بأسره فهو الطامة الكبرى، والمصيبة العظمى: الرشوة، وقد جرى على ألسنة الناس قولهم: ما بتمشي لترشي، واستخدموا آيات من القرآن في غير موضعها، إذ يقول قائلهم: ادفع بالتي هي أحسن، يقصد الرشوة، وغفل أن الآية تؤصل لِخُلُق العفو والصفح عن أخطاء الآخرين.وهي كبيرة من أخطر كبائر الذنوب التي تسبب أضراراً اقتصادية وسياسية واجتماعية، كما أنها دليل على ضعف الوازع الديني، وانتشار الفساد الأخلاقي، والانحراف السلوكي في المجتمع.والرشوة مجمع على تحريمها؛ لأنها من أهم العوامل التي تؤثر في مجرى العدل بين الناس وتغيير موازينه، وهي التي تمهد للظلم، وتنشر الفساد الإداري والاجتماعي.فلا يحل أخذها بحال من الأحوال؛ حتى لا تتعرض حقوق الناس ومصالحهم للضياع، وحتى لا يستشري الفساد في المصالح الحكومية والشركات وغيرها من سائر الأعمال.وللرشوة أنواع أربعة؛ ثلاثة منها محرمة:الأول: أن يدفع إنسان لآخر شيئاً من المال، أو يقوم له بخدمة من الخدمات من أجل أن يعطيه شيئاً ليس من حقه أن يأخذه.والثاني: أن يقصد الراشي من المرتشي تفويت حق لإنسان؛ حقداً وحسداً ومكيدة له، ونكاية فيه.والثالث: أن يقصد الراشي من المرتشي أن يوليه عملاً ليس كفئاً له.ومن أشكال الرشوة أن يأتيك صاحب حاجة فتشفع له عن وتتوسط من أجله، لتخرجه من أزمة، فتشترط عليه أن يقدم لك هدية، أو جرى العرف أن تقدم الهدايا في مثل هذه الأحوال، وما علم الناس أن رسول الله  قال: "مَن شفع لأخيه بشفاعة؛ فأهدى له هدية عليها؛ فقبلها: فقد أتى باباً عظيماً من أبواب الربا"(رواه أبو داود).وسئل ابن مسعود عن السحت؟ في قوله تعالى: سماعون للكذب أكَّالون للسحت، وترى كثيراً منهم يسارعون في الإثم والعدوان،وأكلهم السحت، لبئس ما كانوا يعملون، لولا ينهاهم الربانيون والأحبار عن قواهم الإثم وأكلهم السحت، لبئس ما كانوا يصنعون، فقال هو: أن تشفع لأخيك شفاعة فيهدي لك هدية فتقبلها، فقال له: أرأيت إن كانت هدية في باطل، فقال: ذلك كفر.وهذه الأنواع الثلاثة من أشد الجرائم التي توعد الله مرتكبيها أشد العذاب.ومن جهة أخرى تُلاحظ أفعال تقسي القلب، ليس في العطاء والبذل والإقدام، بل في المنع والحجب والإحجام، من خلال الشح على النفس، والبخل عن الآخرين، وقبض اليد عن الإنفاق في مجالات الخير.ولم يعرض القرآن الكريم مشهداً تمثيلياً بالصورة والصوت لأسلوب العذاب في جهنم كما عرضه لذلك البخيل الكانز، والجشع المانع، إذ يقول تعالى:والذين يكنـزون الذهب والفضة ولا ينفقونها في سبيل الله فبشرهم بعذاب أليم، يوم يحمى عليها في نار جهنم فتكوى بها جباههم وجنوبهم وظهورهم، هذا ما كنـزتم لأنفسكم فذوقوا ما كنتم تكنـزون، فهل عرض القرآن مثل هذا المشهد لِمَن ترك الصلاة، أو الصيام؟‍‍!!، أو لِمن عق والديه أو قطع رَحِمه؟‍‍‍!!!.لماذا: لأن الجزاء من جنس العمل، يأتي المحتاج إلى صاحب المال، فيطلب منه، فيقطب حاجبيه، ويعبُس في وجهه، وإذا ألح المحتاج أعرض عنه بكتفه، وإذا زاد إلحاح المحتاج ضجر منه وغادر المكان مولياً ظهره، فكان من عدل الله أن يعاقبه بمثل ما كان يحرم المحتاجين من قسوة وغلظة، ولتكون له علامة يُعرف بها، قال تعالى: يُعرف المجرمون بسيماهم فيُؤخذ بالنواصي والأقدام.أما النوع الرابع من أنواع الرشوة، فهو: أن يعطي الإنسان المرتشي شيئاً؛ لتخليص حقه إذا لم يجد سبيلاً لتخليصه إلا بالرشوة، أو أراد أن يتقي بدفعها ضرراً يلحق به أو بأولاده
.